星用非金属材料出气污染性质原位测试设备研制

成功研制了星用非金属材料出气污染性质原位测试设备。设备可原性,连续,定旧测试星用非金属材料出气可凝挥发物率,给出全过程的出气数据。设备测控系统稳定、测试仪器灵敏,测试数据可靠。整体设计和技术指标达到国际先进水平,并有所创新,是我国目前唯一的多功位星用非金属材料出气污染高灵敏度原位测试设备。     

M40J/CE/EP复合材料出气性能研究

通过地面环境模拟实验,分析了高模碳纤维/环氧树脂改性氰酸酯复合材料(M40J/CE/EP)的表面元素,研究了高真空加热环境下复合材料的真空出气性能和出气气体成分.结果表明,M40J/CE/EP复合材料的表面主要由C、O、N元素构成;经高真空加热后,复合材料的出气气体成分以小分子挥发物和碳氢化合物电离碎片为主,有可能在空间低温条件下冷凝在航天器的敏感器件表面而造成污染;通过真空出气性能实验测得,M40J/CE/EP复合材料的总质量损失(TML)的平均值为0.27%,收集到的可凝挥发物(CVCM)为0,完全达到出气筛选合格的指标要求.     

飞行器敏感系统在轨分子污染沾染量预估方法研究

空间环境下，材料出气引起的分子污染效应是影响飞行器寿命和可靠性的重要因素之一。本文就材料出气分子经历的出气、在空间的传播输运和沉积三个过程及有诸多污染出气源存在时，对敏感表面沉积量的影响等进行了研究。建立了针对飞行器敏感系统功能表面在轨分子污染沾染量的预估模型。并利用该理论模型，结合相机镜头结构和空间环境的使用条件，模拟计算其镜头表面在轨飞行期间的分子污染物沾染量随时间变化的结果，同时理论计算结果结合试验测试数据评估相机镜头的在轨使用业绩。结果表明，镜头由于分子污染物沉积引起光学透过率的衰减达30％以上。所得到的结论对完善飞行器的防污染设计，提高飞行器在轨期间安全和性能保障具有重要的参考意义。     

卫星胶粘剂出气性质测试和预处理结果分析

根据有关标准，对卫星用１３种胶粘剂材料出气污染性质进行了标准筛选测试和不同预处理条件下的再标准测试。测试结果分析表明：真空烘烤预处理可明显降低材料总质量扣损失；真空烘烤预处理不能明显改善材料水气回吸性。     

环氧纳米复合材料的空间环境性能研究

试验研究了纳米粒子对环氧648树脂空间环境性能的影响，主要空间环境模拟试验包括真空挥发、电子辐照、常压冷热循环和热真空试验等。结果表明，纳米TiO2、SiO2的加入能大幅度提高环氧648树脂的空间出气性能。树脂的冲击强度分别提高59％和20％，电子辐照后性能变化不大，常压、真空热循环后性能有所降低，添加纳米材料的有些性能还有所增加。     

胶黏剂出气污染物在低温敏感表面凝结特性

未来卫星所携带的光学系统载荷温度往往很低,低温表面更容易被出气污染物分子污染,进而可能降低光学系统的性能以及其在轨使用寿命。针对以上问题,本文基于扩散理论和经典吸附动力学理论,获得了胶黏剂出气污染物在低温敏感表面详细的理论模型,利用航天器材料放气污染特性测试标准ASTM E 1559对胶黏剂出气污染物在低温敏感表面出气凝结特性进行了研究。结果表明,实验结果与理论模型具有良好的一致性,获得了胶黏剂出气污染物在低温敏感表面的凝结理论模型,用于对低温表面进行污染预估和控制,从而为污染计算与预测提供了可借鉴的手段。     

J312L结构胶空间辐射环境适应性研究

为考察空间辐射环境对J312L结构胶性能的影响，通过电子扫描电镜（SEM）、傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、热重分析仪（TGA）、差示扫描量热仪（DSC）、真空出气和力学性能测试，研究了辐射对J312L结构胶的微观形貌、分子结构、耐热特性、污染特性和力学性能的影响，并对材料辐射老化机制进行了分析。结果表明总剂量辐射对J312L结构胶耐热、真空污染和力学特性影响显著。1.5×10⁹ rad（Si）⁶⁰Co γ 射线辐射后胶黏剂拉伸剪切强度为4.8 MPa，真空总质量损失（TML）为2.36%。与初始相比，玻璃化转变温度和5%热分解温度分别降低了31和84 ℃，表明高剂量作用下胶黏剂以辐射降解为主。     

航天器导热脂出气性能试验

利用自行研制的空间出气分子污染低温凝结效应环模测试设备,原位、定量测试航天器导热脂的出气性能,给出相应的实验测试数据和分析结论,并结合以往星上数据分析了该材料在航天器上使用的可能性,为该类材料在航天器上的使用提供设计依据.     

非金属材料出气可凝物成分对光学敏感器性能的影响

在理论研究的基础上,利用地面模拟设备结合化学分析手段重点对可能引起飞行器敏感系统性能衰减的非金属材料出气可凝物(凝结温度25℃)进行成分分析,确定材料出气产生可凝结的各种有害物质源,取得的数据结合分光光度计分析材料出气可凝物对光学性能的影响.结果表明:对于飞行器表面常用的涂层材料黑漆Z306,其出气可凝物中占主要成分的苯类和BHT有机物在紫外和可见光谱段引起透过率的衰减在10%以上;SR107-E51 黑漆占主要成分的酰胺类的有机物在紫外和可见光谱段引起透过率的衰减在10%以内.而丁腈/丁苯胶材料出气可凝物中占主要成分的二乙基癸二酸已脂引起紫外、可见光谱段透过率的衰减在30%以上,这种物质凝结于光学镜头表面,将产生很大的危害.     

真空导入模塑工艺树脂流动行为研究进展

综述了近年来真空导入模塑工艺树脂流动行为的研究进展,结合自己的研究成果系统地评述了真空导入模塑工艺中树脂的流动模型及机理、流动行为的数值模拟和流动行为的监测控制,并在此基础上对真空导入模塑工艺树脂流动行为的研究前景进行了展望。     

分子凝结与凝结表面温度的关系机理研究

基于相关理论研究，并借助新近研究的“分子污染低温凝结效应设备”，就我国飞行器型号设计密切相关的分子凝结与凝结表面温度的关系机制进行了四个多月的试验研究，取得了相关的二千余个数据。在此基础上，结合相关的理论对数据进行了拟合和分析，得到了分子凝结与凝结表面温度广泛遵循的一般关系——指数关系。对型号设计具有重要的参考价值。     

热真空环境对常用胶接材料性能的影响

空间的热真空环境是造成光电子器件胶接材料性能退化和放气污染的重要因素.为此,考察了几类典型胶接材料的热真空老化和热真空挥发特性,分析了热真空老化后的力学性能变化及真空挥发产物的主要来源,并对热真空挥发预处理方法进行了验证.结果表明软质的硅橡胶与硬质的环氧树脂胶和丙烯酸树脂胶相比有着更大的质量损失,且含有端羟基的缩聚型硅橡胶和环氧树脂胶真空老化后的模量变化较大.通过真空预处理可以作为降低固化胶真空挥发产物来源的一种有效手段.可为宇航用光电子器件胶接材料的设计选型提供参考依据.     

高超进气道自适应泄压槽的设计参数分析

采用自适应泄压控制技术解决宽范围定几何高超进气道低马赫数下自起动问题,利用数值仿真对一种采用自适应泄压控制的高性能二元高超进气道单个自适应泄压槽的位置、角度、有效流通面积等主要设计参数对泄漏量以及进气道总体性能的影响规律开展了研究.结果表明:泄压槽参数变化对基准进气道总体性能影响较小,总压恢复系数在2%范围内变化.位于唇口激波反射点下游的槽的泄漏量较大且随开槽角度的增加而减小,随有效流通面积的增加成线性增加;相同条件下,自适应泄压槽的泄漏量只有常规顺向放气槽的50%;随来流马赫数升高,自适应泄压槽的漏气量明显减小,高马赫数下接近气动自封闭状态.      

The History and Dynamics of Comet 9P/Tempel 1

Since its discovery in 1867, periodic comet 9P/Tempel 1 has been observed at 10 returns to perihelion, including all its returns since 1967. The observations for the seven apparitions beginning in 1967 have been fit with an orbit that includes only radial and transverse nongravitational accelerations that model the rocket-like thrusting introduced by the outgassing of the cometary nucleus. The successful nongravitational acceleration model did not assume any change in the comet’s ability to outgas from one apparition to the next and the outgassing was assumed to reach a maximum at perihelion. The success of this model over the 1967–2003 interval suggests that the comet’s spin axis is currently stable. Rough calculations suggest that the collision of the impactor released by the Deep Impact spacecraft will not provide a noticeable perturbation on the comet’s orbit nor will any new vent that is opened as a result of the impact provide a noticeable change in the comet’s nongravitational acceleration history. The observing geometries prior to, and during, the impact will allow extensive Earth based observations to complement the in situ observations from the impactor and flyby spacecraft.     

Loss of the Surface Layers of Comet Nuclei

The Deep Impact observations of low thermal inertia for comet 9P/Tempel 1 are of profound importance for the observations to be made by the Rosetta spacecraft at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. While sub-surface sublimation is necessary to explain the observations, the depth at which this occurs is no more than 2–3 cm and possibly less. The low thermal conductivity when combined with local surface roughness (also observed with Deep Impact) implies that local variations in outgassing rates can be substantial. These variations are likely to be on scales smaller than the resolution limits of all experiments on the Rosetta orbiter. The observed physico-chemical inhomogeneity further suggests that the Rosetta lander will only provide a local snapshot of conditions in the nucleus layer.     

Development of the Primary Sorption Pump for the SEIS Seismometer of the InSight Mission to Mars

We report on the development of a passive sorption pump, capable of maintaining high-vacuum conditions in the InSight seismometer throughout the duration of any extended mission. The adsorber material is a novel zeolite-loaded aerogel (ZLA) composite, which consists of fine zeolite particles homogeneously dispersed throughout a porous silica network. The outgassing species within the SEIS evacuated container were analyzed and the outgassing rate was estimated by different methods. The results were used to optimize the ZLA composition to adsorb the outgassing constituents, dominated by water, while minimizing the SEIS bakeout constraints. The InSight ZLA composite additionally facilitated substantial CO₂ adsorption capabilities for risk mitigation against external leaks in Mars atmosphere. To comply with the stringent particle requirements, the ZLA getters were packaged in sealed containers, open to the SEIS interior through \(1~\upmu\mbox{m}\)-size pore filters. Results from experimental validation and verification tests of the packaged getters are presented. The pressure forecast based on these data, corroborated by rudimentary in situ pressure measurements, infer SEIS operational pressures not exceeding \(10^{-5}~\mbox{mbar}\) throughout the mission.     

航天材料空间环境效应损伤机制及关联性研究

基于航天材料在轨将遭遇多种空间环境的作用且不同空间环境对航天材料的损伤存在一定的关联性,本文首先对航天材料的空间环境及效应进行了介绍,接着对真空、温度、微重力、等离子体、粒子辐射、太阳电磁辐射、空间大气、空间碎片及微流星体、空间污染、空间动力学、腐蚀及空间生物等环境对航天材料的损伤机制及不同损伤机制之间的关联性进行了研究,最后对需要进一步研究和关注的方向进行了讨论并给出了发展建议。     

On the Prediction of CO Outgassing from Comets Hale-Bopp and Wirtanen

The gas flux from a volatile icy-dust mixture is computed using a comet nucleus thermal model in order to study the evolution of CO outgassing during several apparitions from long-period Comet Hale-Bopp and short-period Comet Wirtanen. The comet model assumes a spherical, porous body containing a dust component, one major ice component (H₂O), and one minor ice component of higher volatility (CO). The initial chemical composition is assumed to be homogeneous. The following processes are taken into account: heat and gas diffusion inside the rotating nucleus; release of outward diffusing gas from the comet nucleus; chemical differentiation by sublimation of volatile ices in the surface layers and recondensation of gas in deeper, cooler layers. A 2-D time dependent solution is obtained through the dependence of the boundary conditions on the local solar illumination as the nucleus rotates. The model for Comet Hale-Bopp was compared with observational measurements (Biver et al., 1999). The best agreement was obtained for a model with amorphous water ice and CO, assuming that a part of the latter is trapped by the water ice, another part is condensed as an independent ice phase. The model confirms that sublimation of CO ice at large heliocentric distance produces a gradual increase in the comet's activity as it approaches the Sun. Crystallization of amorphous water ice begins at 7 AU from the Sun, but no outbursts were found. Seasonal effects and thermal inertia of the nucleus material lead to larger CO outgassing rates as the comet recedes from the Sun. In the second part of this work the model was run with the orbital parameters of Comet Wirtanen. Unlike Comet Hale-Bopp, the predicted CO outgassing from Comet Wirtanen is almost constant throughout its orbit. Such behavior can be explained by a thermally evolved and chemically differentiated comet nucleus. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.