基于RS-CRITIC的空战目标威胁评估

针对不确定信息下的空战目标威胁评估问题,提出了一种基于粗糙集（RS）理论和指标重要性相关（CRITIC）法的目标威胁评估模型。首先,通过CRITIC法确定准确信息下的目标威胁值,利用数据挖掘（MD）启发式算法求解最佳分割集合,将目标威胁值离散化处理后替代粗糙集决策信息系统中的决策属性。其次,基于构建的完备粗糙集决策信息系统,通过决策矩阵实现属性约简和目标威胁评估最小决策规则提取。最后,将规则应用于不确定信息下的目标威胁评估。仿真结果表明:所提模型能够实现信息缺失下的目标威胁评估,减少了主观因素和先验知识的影响,扩展了粗糙集理论应用范围。      

Comparison of Landsat OLI,ASTER, and Sentinel 2A data in lithological mapping : A Case study of Rich area (Central High Atlas,Morocco)

The eastern part of the Rich area consists of the massive Paleozoic and Meso-Cenozoic cover formations that present the geodynamic development of the study area, where is characterized by various carbonate facies of Jurassic age. The geographical characteristic of the study area leaves the zone difficult to map by conventional methods. The objective of this work focuses on the mapping of the constituent lithological units of the study area using multispectral data of Landsat OLI, ASTER, and Sentinel 2A MSI. The processing of these data is based on a precise methodology that distinguishs and highlights the limits of the different lithological units that have an approximate similarity of spectral signature. Three techniques were used to enhance the image including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF), and Independent Component Analysis (ICA). Lithological mapping was performed using two types of supervised classification : Maximum likelihood classifier (MLC) and Support Vector Machine (SVM).The results of processing data show the effectiveness of Sentinel 2A data in mapping of lithological units than the ASTER and Landsat OLI data. The classification evaluation of two methods of the Sentinel 2A MSI image showed that the SVM method give a better classification with an overall accuracy of 93,93% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.93, while the MLC method present an overall accuracy of 82,86% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.80. The results of mapping obtained show a good correlation with the geological map of the study area as well as the efficiency of remote sensing in identification of different lithological units in the Central High Atlas.     

融合粗糙集与D-S证据理论的航空装备故障诊断

针对航空电子装备故障诊断中出现的多源诊断信息存在冲突的情况,基于粗糙集与证据理论在处理不确定问题时的优势,提出了一种融合粗糙集与证据理论的故障诊断方法.该方法利用粗糙集将信息源给出的诊断数据转化为证据理论中的mass函数,进行结果融合.同时,该方法给出边界粗糙熵的定义,并基于边界粗糙熵获得反映各信息源在诊断融合过程中重要度的动态权重参数,提出一种新的证据理论的冲突合成规则.仿真实验表明,该方法可以有效地提升诊断信息融合结果的准确性,在航空电子装备故障诊断方面有较好的实用价值.      

Object-based rice mapping using time-series and phenological data

Remote sensing techniques are often used in mapping rice, but high quality time-series remote sensing data are difficult to obtain due to the cloudy weather of rice growing areas and long satellite revisit interval. As such, rice mapping is usually based on mono-temporal Landsat TM/ETM+ data, which have large uncertainties due to the spectral similarity of different vegetation types. Moreover, conventional pixel-based classification method is unable to meet the required accuracy for rice mapping. Therefore, this study proposes a new strategy for mapping rice in cloud-prone areas using fused data of Landsat-8 OLI time-series and phenological parameters, based on the object-based method. We determine the critical growth stages of paddy rice from observed phenological data and MODIS-NDVI time-series data. The spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (STARFM) is used to blend the MODIS and Landsat data to obtain a multi-temporal Landsat-like dataset for classification. Finally, an object-oriented algorithm is used to extract rice paddies from the Landsat-like, time-series dataset. The validation experiments show that the proposed method can provide high accuracy rice mapping, with an overall accuracy of 92.38% and a kappa coefficient of 0.85.     

Classification of multitemporal Sentinel-2 data for field-level monitoring of rice cropping practices in Taiwan

Cadastral information of rice fields is important for monitoring cropping practices in Taiwan due to official initiatives. Remote sensing based rice monitoring has been a challenge for years because the size of rice fields is small, and crop mapping requires information of crop phenology, relating to spatiotemporal resolution of satellite data. This study aims to develop an approach for mapping rice-growing areas at field level using multi-temporal Sentinel-2 data in Taiwan. The data were processed for 2018, following four main steps: (1) construct time-series Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Land Surface Water Index (LSWI), (2) noise filtering of the time-series data using wavelet transform, (3) rice crop classification using information of crop phenology, and (4) parcel-based accuracy assessment of the mapping results. The parcel-to-parcel comparisons between mapping results and ground reference data indicated satisfactory results. These findings were confirmed by close agreement between satellite-derived rice area and government’s statistics. Although some factors, including mixed-pixel issues and cloud-cover effects, lowered the mapping accuracies of townships along the coastline, this study has demonstrated the efficacy of using multitemporal Sentinel-2 data to create a reliable database of rice-growing areas over a large and heterogeneous region. Such a quantitative information was important for updating rice crop maps and monitoring cropping practices.     

Examining LiDAR – WorldView-3 data synergy to generate a detailed stand map in a mixed forest in the north-west of Turkey

Although stand delineation approach based on aerial photographs and field survey produces high accuracy maps, it is labour-intensive and time consuming. Furthermore, conventional forest stand maps may have some uncertainties that can hardly be verified due to the experiments and skills of photo-interpreters. Therefore, researchers have been seeking more objective and cost-effective methods for forest mapping. LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data have a high potential to automatically delineate forest stands. Unlike optical sensors, LiDAR height data provides information about both the horizontal and vertical structural characteristics of forest stands. However, it deprives of spectral data that may be successfully used in separating tree species. In this study, we investigate the potential of LiDAR – WorldView-3 data synergy for the automatic generation of a detailed forest stand map which can be used for a tactical forest management plan. Firstly, image segmentation was applied to LiDAR data alone and LiDAR/WorldView-3 data set in order to obtain the most suitable image objects representing forest stands. Visual inspection of the segmentation results showed that image objects based on the LiDAR/WorldView-3 data set were more compatible with the reference forest stand boundaries. After the segmentation process, the LiDAR and LiDAR/WorldView-3 data sets were independently classified using object-based classification method. We tested two levels of classification. The first was a detailed classification with 14 classes considering reference stand types. The second was the rough classification with 9 classes where some stand types were combined. The mean, standard deviation and texture features of LiDAR metrics and spectral information were used in the classification. The accuracy assessment results of LiDAR data showed that the Overall Accuracy (OA) was calculated as 0.31 and 0.43, and the Kappa Index (KIA) was calculated as 0.26 and 0.32 for the detailed and rough classifications, respectively. For the LiDAR/WorldView-3 data set, the OA values were calculated as 0.50 and 0.61, and the KIA were calculated as 0.46 and 0.55 for the detailed and rough classifications, respectively. These results showed that the forest stand map derived from the LiDAR/WorldView-3 data synergy is more compatible with the reference forest stand map. In conclusion, it can be said that the forest stand maps produced in this study may provide strategic forest planning needs, but it is not sufficient for tactical forest management plans.     

Deep learning-based framework for monitoring of debris-covered glacier from remotely sensed images

In recent years, deep learning (DL) methods have proven their efficiency for various computer vision (CV) tasks such as image classification, natural language processing, and object detection. However, training a DL model is expensive in terms of both complexities of the network structure and the amount of labeled data needed. In addition, the imbalance among available labeled data for different classes of interest may also adversely affect the model accuracy. This paper addresses these issues using a new convolutional neural network (CNN) based architecture. The proposed network incorporates both spatial and spectral information that combines two sub-networks: spatial-CNN and spectral-CNN. The spectral-CNN extracts spectral information, while spatial-CNN captures spatial information. Moreover, to make the features more robust, a multiscale spatial CNN architecture is introduced using different kernels. The final feature vector is formed by concatenating the outputs obtained from both spatial-CNN and spectral-CNN. To address the data imbalance problem, a generative adversarial network (GAN) was used to generate data for the underrepresented class. Finally, relatively a shallower network architecture was used to reduce the number of parameters in the network and improve the processing speed. The proposed model was trained and tested on Senitel-2 images for the classification of the debris-covered glacier. The results showed that the proposed method is well-suited for mapping and monitoring debris-covered glaciers at a large scale with high classification accuracy. In addition, we compared the proposed method with conventional machine learning approaches, support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF) and multilayer perceptron (MLP).     

基于粗糙集-信息熵的辐射源威胁评估方法

为满足复杂电磁环境下战机对辐射源威胁等级判定算法的需求,将粗糙集理论引入对雷达辐射源威胁评估中,并结合信息熵理论构建一套完备的计算威胁度量值的数据处理模型,实现对辐射源威胁程度的定量表示,直观地评估辐射源的威胁程度。经典粗糙集理论难以应对在没有决策信息条件下的决策问题,采用信息熵的方法求取最大权重属性替代决策属性,拓展粗糙集的适用范围。模型直接基于数据驱动得到辐射源的威胁度量值,易于实现并具备良好的时效性,减少系统对先验信息的要求与主观赋值带来的影响。仿真结果表明,该方法可以快速、准确地实现对辐射源威胁的评估。      

Selection of classification techniques for land use/land cover change investigation

The concerns over land use/land cover (LULC) change have emerged on the global stage due to the realisation that changes occurring on the land surface also influence climate, ecosystem and its services. As a result, the importance of accurate mapping of LULC and its changes over time is on the increase. Landsat satellite is a major data source for regional to global LULC analysis. The main objective of this study focuses on the comparison of three classification tools for Landsat images, which are maximum likelihood classification (MLC), support vector machine and artificial neural network (ANN), in order to select the best method among them. The classifiers algorithms are well optimized for the gamma, penalty, degree of polynomial in case of SVM, while for ANN minimum output activation threshold and RMSE are taken into account. The overall analysis shows that the ANN is superior to the kernel based SVM (linear, radial based, sigmoid and polynomial) and MLC. The best tool (ANN) is then applied on detecting the LULC change over part of Walnut Creek, Iowa. The change analysis of the multi temporal images indicates an increase in urban areas and a major shift in the agricultural practices.     

Comparison of decision tree methods for finding active objects

The automated classification of objects from large catalogs or survey projects is an important task in many astronomical surveys. Faced with various classification algorithms, astronomers should select the method according to their requirements. Here we describe several kinds of decision trees for finding active objects by multi-wavelength data, such as REPTree, Random Tree, Decision Stump, Random Forest, J48, NBTree, AdTree. All decision tree approaches investigated are in the WEKA package. The classification performance of the methods is presented. In the process of classification by decision tree methods, the classification rules are easily obtained, moreover these rules are clear and easy to understand for astronomers. As a result, astronomers are inclined to prefer and apply them, thus know which attributes are important to discriminate celestial objects. The experimental results show that when various decision trees are applied in discriminating active objects (quasars, BL Lac objects and active galaxies) from non-active objects (stars and galaxies), ADTree is the best only in terms of accuracy, Decision Stump is the best only considering speed, J48 is the optimal choice considering both accuracy and speed.     

基于FRFT域特征差异的压制干扰检测与分类算法

针对干信比未知情况下有源压制干扰分类识别结果可信度较低的问题, 提出了一种基于FRFT域特征差异的压制干扰检测与分类算法。首先, 通过FRFT域峰值阶次的序贯判决算法, 进行压制干扰的存在性检测, 以保证压制干扰分类识别在较高的干信比条件下进行; 然后, 在此基础上, 分别提取回波信号在FRFT域的极值阶次标准差和峰值阶次标准差作为分类识别特征量, 同时, 为避免硬判决造成的分类错误, 采用模糊判决的方法得到基于不同特征参数的分类识别结果; 最后, 按一定准则将2种分类识别结果进行融合, 以进一步提高分类识别正确率。仿真结果表明, 与现有压制干扰分类识别算法相比, 该算法较好地解决了分类识别结果可信度较低的问题, 同时具有较高的分类识别正确率。      

CGF系统中多级智能决策实现方法

对于计算机生成兵力系统中上级指挥员决策模型的建模采用了一种基于似然比的方法;而对于下级指挥员的决策模型的建模采用了一种基于模糊逻辑的方法.基于似然比的方法能够有效完成信息融合,从而给出合理的决策结论.基于模糊逻辑的方法所得到的决策输出充分考虑到了指挥员个人的性格、经验以及战场的具体环境,并且这些决策输出将作为上级指挥员决策模型的信息来源.这些方法在计算机生成兵力系统舰艇兵力设计中的应用表明它们能够有效的完成多级智能决策模型的建模.      

Land use/land cover classification using time series Landsat 8 images in a heavily urbanized area

It is of great significance to timely, accurately, and effectively monitor land use/cover in city regions for the reasonable development and utilization of urban land resources. The remotely sensed dynamic monitoring of Land use/land cover (LULC) in rapidly developing city regions has increasingly depended on remote-sensing data at high temporal and spatial resolutions. However, due to the influence of revisiting periods and weather, it is difficult to acquire enough time-series images with high quality at both high temporal and spatial resolution from the same sensor. In this paper we used the temporal-spatial fusion model ESTARFM (Enhanced Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model) to blend Landsat8 and MODIS data and obtain time-series Landsat8 images. Then, land cover information is extracted using an object-based classification method. In this study, the proposed method is validated by a case study of the Changsha City. The results show that the overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient were 94.38% and 0.88, respectively, and the user/producer accuracies of vegetation types were all over 85%. Our approach provides an accurate and efficient technical method for the effective extraction of land use/cover information in the highly heterogeneous regions.     

基于结构随机跳变系统的反干扰信息处理方法

为了解决在复杂的干扰对抗环境中提高信息处理的准确性问题(例如,对具有多种干扰对抗手段的机动目标的跟踪问题),基于结构随机跳变系统理论提出了一种反干扰信息处理的新方法,该方法针对干扰环境的随机剧烈变化,适时地辨识干扰环境的当前状态,并作出相应的决策来优化和利用系统的资源(例如传感器的优化重组、信息融合算法的转换等),最大限度地降低干扰对信息处理精度的影响.以有效地提高信息优化处理的精确度.在本文中就该方法的性能与其它算法做了仿真比较,其仿真结果证实了该方法的有效性.      

基于支持向量机的机场智能驱鸟决策

为提高机场鸟击防范管理水平,实现探鸟雷达与多种驱鸟设备联动,提出一种基于支持向量机（SVM）的机场智能驱鸟决策方法。该方法包括训练和测试两部分。训练部分利用机场鸟类探测预警与驱赶联动系统获取的大量历史鸟情信息,结合专家知识,通过数据预处理与支持向量机训练,建立驱鸟策略分类模型;测试部分根据驱鸟实时智能决策结果,对驱鸟策略分类模型进行持续修正与优化。通过某机场的实测鸟情信息数据与若干驱鸟实例,证明驱鸟策略分类模型具有较高的决策正确率,并能够通过自身修正与优化应对各种新问题。本文方法针对实时鸟情信息,实现了多种驱鸟设备的优化组合,克服了驱鸟设备长期重复运行造成的鸟类对驱鸟设备的耐受性问题,极大改善了驱鸟效果。      

激光通信中的分集检测技术

在大气弱湍流模型下,应用Monte Carlo方法,通过产生符合光信号的对数幅度联合概率分布的数据,近似模拟计算了分集接收机的逐符号最大似然检测算法的似然比.研究了减少Monte Carlo方法中仿真点的个数对逐符号最大似然检测的分集接收机检测性能估计的影响.随后提出一种基于训练序列的分集检测方法.该方法在未知衰落分布相关信息的情况下,利用每帧内引入的一定长度的训练序列提供了某一较短时间间隔内的大气湍流信道的信息,基于与似然比表达式结构相似的算法获得改善的检测效果.仿真结果表明在各个分集接收机之间存在较强相关性的情况下,该算法仍可实现有效的检测.      

无人平台复杂地形探测的视触融合方法

为提高无人平台在复杂环境中的地形探测能力以及解决在小样本数据下识别地形困难的问题,提出了一种无人平台复杂地形探测的视触融合方法。在原始宽度学习的基础上,建立了多模态级联特征节点宽度学习框架。首先进行触觉和视觉初步特征提取和融合特征提取,随后将融合特征矩阵经宽度学习分类器得到地形识别的结果。最后,在自建的视觉-触觉地形 (V-T2)数据集进行了实验验证。结果表明,相比于传统的融合算法,提出的融合算法有很好的准确性和鲁棒性,为无人平台地形探测提供了有效的策略。     

基于GCF-SB视觉注意模型的红外目标检测算法

针对复杂背景、低对比度条件下的红外目标检测,提出了一种基于灰度对比度特征 相似性贝叶斯(GCF SB)模型的红外显著性目标检测算法.建立了一种灰度对比度特征(GCF)模型,该模型利用两个通道分别提取红外图像的灰度特征和对比度特征,然后通过特征融合获得初级显著图;建立了一种基于相似性的贝叶斯(SB)模型,该模型根据初级特征图分别计算目标和背景的先验概率和似然函数,然后利用贝叶斯公式获得最终显著图,进而实现红外图像的显著性目标检测.实验结果表明,所提出算法能够有效抑制复杂背景、低对比度红外图像的噪声,增强对比度,具有较高的检测精度和鲁棒性.     

计算故障先验概率的最大熵方法

为了解决故障先验概率估算不准的问题,提出了基于最大熵的故障先验概率的计算模型.该模型以相关的先验信息作为最大概率估计的约束条件,并通过拉格朗日函数,将故障先验概率估算问题转化成无约束优化问题.为了实现对无约束优化问题的快速求解,提出了一种基于最速下降法和牛顿法的混合梯度算法;并且,针对大规模系统中故障变量过多的情况,依据系统分解的原则,将高维故障空间分解为多个低维故障空间,给出了低维故障空间求解的快速计算方法.通过最大熵方法和故障平均间隔(MTTF,Mean Time To Failure)方法的结果比较,证明最大熵方法更具准确性.