人控遥操作交会对接设计与验证

人控操作交会对接是指操作人员在远端通过遥操作方式控制追踪航天器进行交会对接,主要用于无人航天器自动交会对接系统故障条件下交会对接控制.简要介绍遥操作交会对接的基本概念,给出实现人控遥操作交会对接三种方案,设计一种易于工程实现的遥操作交会对接系统,分析关键技术并给出了解决方法;根据设计的系统方案,进行遥操作交会对接试验,试验结果表明设计方案合理可行.     

载人航天器电动兼手动舱门的研究

为了适应载人航天出舱活动和交会对接技术的发展,需要研究一种既能在轨保持良好密封性能、又能实现电动兼手动操作的高可靠舱门机构。在分析了载人航天器舱门特点的基础上,提出了一种新型电动兼手动操作的舱门锁紧与开锁机构方案,设计了电动/手动切换机构,借用Pro/E软件对各零件进行三维造型和装配,并通过ADAMS软件进行了舱门机构的运动学仿真。模装与仿真结果表明,该电动兼手动舱门能够实现其预期的运动,无结构干涉,具有操作简单、操作力小、传动效率高的特点。     

基于三目视觉的航天器交会对接位姿测量方法研究

随着载人航天和宇宙空间站的不断发展, 航天器自主对接技术显得日趋重要. 在航天器对接的最后逼近阶段, 实时精确测量两航天器间的相对位置姿态参数是对接成功的关键. 针对航天器交会对接中位置姿态参数的测量问题, 研究了三目视觉的非线性测量方法, 阐述三目视觉的测量原理并建立数学模型, 将相对位姿参数求解问题转化为非线性优化问题, 进而利用Levenberg-Marquardt算法求解. 仿真研究表明, 与双目视觉线性方法和三目视觉线性方法相比, 该方法能降低图像匹配误差的影响, 提高特征点的定位精度, 增加测量系统的可靠性.      

基于交会对接CCD光学成像敏感器的双目测量算法

在空间交会对接近距离逼近阶段,CCD光学成像敏感器作为相对导航信息获取的主要测量敏感器,其测量性能直接关系到空间交会对接能否成功.针对适用于空间交会对接过程中CCD光学成像敏感器的双目测量算法展开研究,推导了基于主像机坐标系的双目测量算法计算公式,并重点对其抗干扰能力进行研究,最后对该双目测量算法进行了仿真分析并给出了仿真结果.     

基于有限状态机的交会对接飞行任务规划方法

为实现多约束条件下载人航天器交会对接（RVD）飞行任务的快速、准确规划,提出了一种基于有限状态机（FSM）的飞行任务规划方法。通过飞行过程与有限状态机的映射关系建立图形化任务规划模型,以飞行事件为状态,以测控、光照等约束条件为输入信号,驱动有限状态机的状态转移,进行模型求解,实现交会对接飞行任务的自动规划。以中国神舟十号飞行任务中航天员手控交会对接试验为例,进行了规划验证。经对比,规划计算结果与任务实施结果一致,表明所提方法可以实现交会对接飞行任务的快速、准确规划。      

Putative graviperception mechanisms of protists.

Many (if not all) free-living cells use the gravity vector for their spatial orientation (gravitaxis). Additional responses may include gravikinesis as well as changes in morphological and physiological parameters. Though using essentially different modes of locomotion, ameboid and ciliated cells seem to rely on common fundamental graviperception mechanisms. Uniquely in the ciliate family Loxodidae a specialized intracellular gravireceptor organelle has been developed, whereas in all other cells common cell structures seem to be responsible for gravisensing. Changes in direction or magnitude of acceleration (from 0 to 5 g) as well as experiments in density-adjusted media strongly indicate that either the whole cytoplasm or dense organelles like nuclei act as statoliths and open directly or via cytoskeletal elements mechano-sensitive ion channels in the cell membrane. A recent spaceflight experiment (S/MM-06) demonstrated that prolonged (9 d) actual weightlessness did not affect the ability of Loxodes to respond to acceleration stimuli. However, prolonged cooling (> or = l4 d, 4-10 degrees C) destroyed the ability for gravitactic orientation of Paramecium. This may reflect a profound effect either on the gravireceptor itself or on the gravity-signal processing. In gravity signalling the ubiquitous second messenger cAMP may be involved in acceleration-stimulus transduction.     

交会对接成像软件的多目标跟踪改进

介绍交会对接成像敏感器的工作原理以及由单组条带预判窗口跟踪模式的单一目标敏感器组成的交会对接测量系统.从敏感器嵌入式软件的层面,提出多目标窗口计算、多目标条带预判、多目标匹配计算和多目标测量结果处理等4项改进方法,在硬件系统完全不变的情况下,改善多目标跟踪交会对接敏感器性能.该项改进将单机系统提升为多机热备份系统,提高系统安全性.实现不同目标器之间的自主跟踪切换,优化交会对接流程.此外,变不同敏感器之间切换为敏感器处理对象切换,提升交会对接过程的可靠性.改进后的算法已在我国交会对接各重点型号试验中顺利应用.     

空间交会对接微波雷达测量系统面校准技术研究

介绍一种空间对接雷达测量系统地面校准方法.使用三坐标测量机准确标定立方镜和雷达天线之间的关系,将雷达天线和应答机天线分别固定在两空间舱上,在实验现场使用经纬仪测量系统测试.在测试过程中使用空间坐标转换方法,对位置关系中的姿态角进行标校,验证雷达测量系统的测量准确度,确保空间对接舱在太空中对接成功.     

POBI interpolation algorithm for CYGNSS near real time flood detection research: A case study of extreme precipitation events in Henan,China in 2021

In late 2016, NASA launched the first constellation of the global navigation satellite system reflectometry (GNSS-R) small satellites called the Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS). The stable data quality and continuous free availability of CYGNSS scientific data provided a new method for flood monitoring. However, owing to the pseudorandom distribution of CYGNSS data, researchers must always choose between high temporal resolution and high spatial resolution during the performance of flood monitoring based on CYGNSS data. For floods caused by extreme precipitation with sudden and short durations, the current flood mapping based on CYGNSS data cannot be updated in near real time. However, the near real time update of the flood distribution range is meaningful for postdisaster emergency response and rapid rescue. This study aimed to address this problem using a newly proposed spatial interpolation method based on previously observed behaviour (POBI). First, a method for calculating the surface reflectivity of the CYGNSS was introduced, followed by the principle of the POBI spatial interpolation method. The applicability of the POBI method in Henan Province, China, was then analysed, and by using the flood in Henan Province, China, in July 2021 as an example, the feasibility of CYGNSS near real time flood mapping based on the POBI method was evaluated. Based on the results, near real time and 3 km flood distribution monitoring results can be obtained using the proposed new method. The results were evaluated using MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) images and compared with the observations of SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive) and GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) in the same period. The results show that the flooded areas obtained by CYGNSS correspond to the inundated areas in MODIS images and are also in high agreement with the SMAP. In addition, CYGNSS allows for finer mapping and quantification of inundation areas and flood duration. Moreover, we also discussed the potential of CYGNSS to detect floods in shorter periods of time (a few hours) and did a preliminary evaluation using precipitation data from meteorological stations. The results are also highly consistent.     

Didactic satellite based on Android platform for space operation demonstration and development

Space technology plays a pivotal role in society development. It offers new methods for telemetry, monitoring and control. However, this sector requires training, research and skills development but the lack of instruments, materials and budgets affects the ambiguity to understand satellite technology. The objective of this paper is to describe a demonstration prototype of a smart phone device for space operations study. Therefore, the first task was carried out to give a demonstration for spatial imagery and attitude determination missions through a wireless communication. The smart phone’s Bluetooth was used to achieve this goal inclusive of a new method to enable real time transmission. In addition, an algorithm around a quaternion based Kalman filter was included in order to detect the reliability of the prototype's orientation. The second task was carried out to provide a demonstration for the attitude control mission using the smart phone’s orientation sensor, including a new method for an autonomous guided mode. As a result, the acquisition platform showed real time measurement with good accuracy for orientation detection and image transmission. In addition, the prototype kept the balance during the demonstration based on the attitude control method.     

Cognitive deficits induced by 56Fe radiation exposure.

Exposing rats to particles of high energy and charge (e.g., 56Fe) disrupts neuronal systems and the behaviors mediated by them; these adverse behavioral and neuronal effects are similar to those seen in aged animals. Because cognition declines with age, and our previous study showed that radiation disrupted Morris water maze spatial learning and memory performance, the present study used an 8-arm radial maze (RAM) to further test the cognitive behavioral consequences of radiation exposure. Control rats or rats exposed to whole-body irradiation with 1.0 Gy of 1 GeV/n high-energy 56Fe particles (delivered at the alternating gradient synchrotron at Brookhaven National Laboratory) were tested nine months following exposure. Radiation adversely affected RAM performance, and the changes seen parallel those of aging. Irradiated animals entered baited arms during the first 4 choices significantly less than did controls, produced their first error sooner, and also tended to make more errors as measured by re-entries into non-baited arms. These results show that irradiation with high-energy particles produces age-like decrements in cognitive behavior that may impair the ability of astronauts to perform critical tasks during long-term space travel beyond the magnetosphere.     

基于旋量理论及距离误差的机械臂标定新方法

为提高机械臂的定位及定姿精度,必须对其进行标定.标定能否达到预期目的,主要取决于所采用的运动学模型及消除参数识别过程中外来误差的影响.分析了基于不同运动学模型时机械臂的初始位姿误差对标定结果的影响.提出了一种结合旋量理论与距离模型的标定用数学模型.该模型考虑了机械臂初始位姿误差对标定的影响,解决了用D-H参数建模存在的弊端,同时能消除因机械臂坐标系统与测量设备坐标系统之间转换所带来的误差,克服了测量技术上的困难.仿真计算验证了这种新标定数学模型的可行性.      

交会对接寻的段机动故障对策分析与仿真

根据寻的段的机动故障类型及其约束条件,首先给出了该段的故障控制策略规划模型,然后给出了相应的故障对策,最后基于高精度轨道模型仿真分析了各种故障工况。仿真结果表明,所提出的对策能较好的应对寻的段各类机动故障。     

神舟八号飞船交会对接制导、导航与控制系统及其飞行结果评价

介绍神舟八号飞船交会对接制导、导航与控制系统的组成和工作原理,交会对接任务阶段划分,系统实现需关注的问题,以及神舟八号飞船与天宫一号目标飞行器首次交会对接飞行试验的结果和评价.     

基于朝向约束和重识别特征的目标轨迹关联方法

基于检测关联和深度学习的目标轨迹关联方法是计算机视觉领域的研究热点之一，但现有方法设计中缺乏有效的时空约束，且目标表观特征泛化能力不足，在目标朝向差异明显的情况下会发生识别错误，在目标轨迹关联时会导致频繁的ID切换和错误关联。针对该问题，提出了一种基于朝向约束和重识别特征的目标轨迹关联方法。将行人朝向判别引入行人重识别中，提出了一种具有朝向约束力的行人重识别网络模型，提升了目标特征的表示能力。结合目标朝向、卡尔曼滤波得到的位置信息、重叠面积等时空特征，提出一种基于朝向约束的分层轨迹关联模型，得到单相机内的目标轨迹。在跨相机场景中，通过引入一种简单有效的双向竞争匹配机制，实现了目标轨迹的有效关联。实验结果表明: 所提方法在MOT数据集上度量指标优于多种方法，能够减少频繁的ID交换，有效解决了相似目标相向而行时的错误关联；帧率达到19.6帧/s，能够满足近实时场景下的使用要求。      

基于混合网络的异源遥感图像变化检测

为了更加准确地进行异源遥感图像的变化检测任务,提出了一种基于混合网络的异源遥感图像变化检测算法。利用伪孪生网络提取异源遥感图像块间空间维度的变化特征,利用早期融合网络提取异源遥感图像块间光谱维度的变化特征,将2支网络提取的特征进行融合,并将融合后的变化特征输入到sigmoid层进行二分类检测。同时,在伪孪生网络中加入对比损失函数,通过优化对比损失函数,使得在特征空间中,未变化图像对的空间特征差异更小,变化图像对的空间特征差异更大,以提升网络的区分能力和收敛速度。      

空间立体信息缺失对机械臂遥操作任务的影响

视觉作为人认知环境的主要信息通道,在空间遥操作任务中有极其重要的作用。本研究面向空间站机械臂遥操作任务,通过对24名被试进行机械臂遥操作模拟平台实验,探索不同程度空间立体信息缺失对机械臂遥操作绩效、脑力负荷、距离感知和情境意识的影响,剖析不同立体信息在遥操作过程中的作用。实验结果表明:局部立体信息对提高遥操作任务完成率、减少撞击操作等指标有重要作用;而全局立体信息更有利于减少机械臂冗余行走距离和限位操作次数;两者对脑力负荷水平的降低有显著影响,而对距离估计偏差和情境意识水平影响不显著。因此,根据不同任务类型选取合适的立体信息补偿,从多个角度完善立体信息的呈现对于保障遥操作任务的顺利进行具有重要意义。     

神舟八号飞船交会对接CCD光学成像敏感器

介绍了CCD光学成像敏感器的功能和组成,以及低噪声视频电路、高速数据处理平台、抗杂光干扰算法、杂光干扰地面试验验证方法等关键技术,并给出了相关测试结果.实际飞行结果表明,CCD光学成像敏感器相机各项指标满足任务书要求,在最后的对接段最远测量距离达164m,位置测量精度优于2mm,滚动轴姿态测量精度优于0.03°,横轴姿态精度优于0.1°,位置和姿态测量精度超过了世界先进水平.     

基于DCNN和全连接CRF的舌图像分割算法

针对中医舌诊中舌体分割不准确、分割速度较慢且需要人工标定候选区域等问题,提出了一种端到端的舌图像分割算法。与传统舌图像分割算法相比,所提算法可以得到更为准确的分割结果,并且不需要人工操作。首先,使用孔卷积算法,可以在不增加参数的条件下扩大网络的特征图谱。其次,使用孔卷积空间金字塔池化（ASPP）模块,令网络通过不同的感受野学习舌图像的多尺度特征。最后,将深度卷积神经网络（DCNN）和全连接的条件随机场（CRF）相结合,细化分割后的舌体边缘。实验结果表明:所提算法优于传统舌图像分割算法和主流的深度卷积神经网络,具有较高的分割精度,平均交并比达到了95.41%。      

基于Lagrange方法的失重人体建模与仿真

阐述了利用多刚体系统动力学进行航天员舱外活动仿真EVA(Extra Vehicular Activity)的必要性.给出了应用计算多刚体系统动力学建立的通用失重人体4关节反向运动学与反向动力学模型.选取典型的实例,在对其进行适当简化的基础上,运用通用模型对其进行仿真计算,计算时为考虑失重对人体质量、惯量与力量等参数的影响,对通用模型进行了修正.利用能量比较法对结果进行分析,得出当手部的运动轨迹半径与角速度减小、时间延长,髋关节做前驱运动时航天员工作最为节省能量.通过能量比较法计算得到了人体运动时各关节作功最为节省能量的范围.计算方法对航天员舱内外活动仿真及工效分析有一定的参考价值.