WAAS卫星播发电文一致性分析

星基增强系统(SBAS)是在传统GNSS的基础上为了进一步满足民航用户对卫星导航系统越来越高的精度、完好性、连续性和可用性需求而应运而生.目前全球已建立起了多个SBAS系统,其中提供服务时间最长的是美国的WAAS系统.WAAS系统包括38个参考站、3个主控站、6个上注站和3颗GEO卫星,每个参考站配备3套独立的监测接收...     

RTCA协议下北斗完好性降效参数算法设计及检验

目前我国北斗导航增强系统的完好性参数设计缺少针对差分信息有效性的降效参数设计,不满足航空无线电委员会（RTCA）提出的接口协议,无法同国际其他GNSS星基增强系统相兼容。根据RTCA接口协议,针对我国卫星导航系统的完好性降效参数处理算法进行了研究,利用北斗实测数据分析了完好性降效参数对用户增强服务的影响,验证了算法的有效性。结果表明,正常情况下,北斗导航系统增强服务三维定位精度可达到113m。当用户丢失部分差分改正信息时,定位精度约144m,精度下降约274%,利用完好性降效参数对过期差分信息进行降效处理,优化定位权阵,可将定位精度提高至117m,达到正常增强服务水平。     

基于三频数据的北斗卫星导航系统DCB参数精度评估方法

差分码偏差（Differential Code Biases,DCB）参数作为导航电文中重要的一项,是影响用户PNT服务的主要误差源之一。北斗卫星导航系统（后文简称“北斗系统”）发射三个频点的导航信号,在导航电文中需要发播卫星的2个TGD（Timing Group Delay）参数。文章首先介绍了北斗系统卫星DCB参数最小二乘解算与形式误差评估;其次根据北斗系统三频特点,提出了不同频点组合计算垂直方向电离层电子总含量（VTEC）互差的DCB精度定量评估方法,并与IGS(International GNSS Service)提供的GPS卫星DCB精度进行比较;最后,详细分析了DCB参数精度对用户等效距离误差（UERE）计算和定位计算的影响,分别采用卫星出场标定DCB参数和经过解算DCB参数进行评估。实测数据分析结果表明,北斗系统卫星DCB参数解算形式误差与IGS解算GPS卫星DCB参数形式误差相当,但受卫星类型和解算测站的几何分布限制,北斗系统卫星DCB参数解算不确定度相比IGS略差,估计精度优于0.5ns,不同频率组合计算VTEC互差绝对值均值优于0.6TECU。相比采用卫星出场标定值,采用系统解算DCB参数后,双频用户三维位置误差改善13.80%～47.42%。     

基于卫星监视几何精度因子的UDRE值估计方法

星基增强导航系统(SBAS,Satellite Based Augmentation System)通过向用户提供用户差分距离误差(UDRE,User Differential Range Error),来保证广播星历和星钟改正数的精度并增强用户的完好性性能.给出了一种用于主控站的UDRE计算方法,提出了卫星监视几何精度因子(SSDOP,Satellite Surveillance Dilution of Precision)的概念.基于UDRE和SS-DOP的表达式,通过数学推导发现UDRE受到SSDOP和限制因子的影响,而限制因子可以用其统计平均值0.7438来替代,建立了由SSDOP估计UDRE的表达式.仿真结果表明:利用SS-DOP估计出的UDRE值,其误差不超过0.8 m,能够反映出当前卫星UDRE的特性,可以作为用户在无法接收完好性信息时快速推算UDRE的一种可行手段.     

基于CIT技术的广域增强系统电离层延迟修正算法

提出了一种基于电离层层析成像(CIT)技术的广域增强系统(WAAS)电离层延迟 修正算法. 该算法利用模式基函数与截断奇异值分解正则化组合的方式, 实现WAAS单频用户的电离层延迟误差修正. 基于中国区域23个广域基准站 和10个用户站的仿真结果分析表明, 传统的网格算法和基于CIT技术的电离 层延迟修正算法的电离层延迟修正精度与太阳活动、昼夜变化及地磁纬度 之间均存在明显的相关性. 基于CIT技术的电离层延迟修正算法精度优于网格算法, CIT算法的平均误差与标准差相比网格算法均有较大幅度的下降.      

IFB不确定性对双频码载分歧监测的影响分析

码载分歧（CCD）监测器是卫星导航地基增强系统（GBAS）引入的完好性监测器之一，用于监测码伪距与载波相位观测值之间的不一致性。双频平滑技术的引入改变了CCD监测器的检验统计量等参数，进而影响了监测性能。针对双频GBAS中存在的频间偏差（IFB），基于北斗双频观测数据，分析IFB不确定性对于双频码载分歧监测性能的影响。研究结果表明:在IFB不确定性的影响下，监测器的阈值增大了26.1%，导致其在发生CCD故障情况下的漏检率显著增大，最小可检测故障值增大了26.9%，监测器的灵敏度降低；最坏情况下系统完好性损失概率从低于10-14增大到接近10-8，同时机载端为满足漏检率性能安全要求所引入的延迟值更大，导致CCD监测器的故障响应变慢，双频GBAS的完好性受到影响。     

基于子集包含减少ARAIM子集数量的方法

先进接收机自主完好性监测（ARAIM）技术可用于多星座组合定位时的完好性监测，ARAIM技术子组推荐的多假设分离解（MHSS）标准算法，存在子集数量过多带来大量计算负载的问题。针对此问题，在双星座组合定位情景下，通过分析子集之间的包含关系及空间位置精度因子（PDOP）的变化，提出了使用一个子集代替多个子集减少子集数量的方法。所提方法可以明显地减少子集数量，不同参数下的仿真结果表明，优化后的算法效率至少提高2倍以上，并且优化前后的ARAIM可用性变化最大不超过3%。      

混合星座导航系统的加权几何精度因子分析

不同类型卫星构成的混合星座导航系统或兼容系统中,考虑到广播星历精度不等导致的测距误差不等,用加权几何精度因子(WGDOP)代替几何精度因子(GDOP)作为最佳星座选择、定位精度评估和完好性监测的依据。对静止轨道卫星(GEO)/中高轨道卫星(MEO)构成的混合星座中不同卫星组合的WGDOP和GDOP进行了比较,实验结果表明WGDOP能更准确地反映星座性能和评估定位精度。在对定位精度或完好性监测的可靠性要求较高等场景,要用加权几何精度因子进行分析。     

WAAS电离层延迟网格校正中的用户算法研究

从广域增强系统WAAS中对电离层延迟的网格校正算法出发,分析了用户基于网格校正的电离层校正算法,阐明了核算法的原理并详细推导了计算公式和计算过程.     

面向BDSBAS电文认证的OTAR播发策略设计

星基增强系统（SBAS）是向用户提供完好性信息的广域增强系统,涉及生命安全领域。为了提高SBAS系统的抗欺骗能力,基于椭圆曲线数字签名算法（ECDSA）提出面向北斗星基增强系统（BDSBAS）的电文认证设计方案。根据国内商用密码标准椭圆曲线（SM2）算法进行相应参数设计和电文排布方案,并描述了空中密钥更新（OTAR）的电文播发策略。为了进一步对试验方案进行验证,采用蒙特卡罗OTAR仿真器,基于3种播发调度算法进行仿真试验,通过调整权重对不同情况下OTAR电文接收时间进行分析。仿真结果为具体情况下OTAR电文方案播发调度的选择提供了重要参考依据。      

SBAS电文时序动态编排算法

星基增强系统（SBAS）通过GEO卫星转发SBAS电文实现对GNSS服务性能的提升,以满足民航用户不同飞行阶段的导航需求,因此,合理有效的电文内容及播发时序设计是系统实现高质量服务的重要保证。为提高电文编排的灵活性,避免固定时序填补空余电文引起的播发资源浪费,提出了一种SBAS电文时序动态编排算法,在满足国际标准要求的前提下,综合利用SBAS电文龄期和最大播发间隔实现待播发电文的自动选择。利用NTMF实测数据对当前各主要SBAS的电文进行了特性分析,对所提方法的单双频SBAS电文编排效果进行了评估。结果表明:所提算法可保证电文时序符合国际标准要求,实现了重要电文的优先播发,将空余时隙进行动态分配实现了各类型电文播发间隔的近等比例缩短。与固定时序相比,单频SBAS完好性电文播发间隔缩短约15.0%,首次定位时间缩短约8%,双频SBAS电文首次定位时间缩短约6.5%;与固定时序的BDSBAS B1C电文相比,完好性服务能力提升约14.7%,首次定位时间缩短约16.7%。所提算法有效提升了SBAS电文播发的播发效率,实现了SBAS播发资源的100%有效利用。      

Assessment study of ionosphere correction model using single- and multi-shell algorithms approach over sub-Saharan African region

It is a known fact that ionosphere is the largest and the least predictable among the sources of error limiting the reliability and accuracy of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and its regional augmentation systems like Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS) in a safety-of-life application. The situation becomes worse in the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) region, where the daytime ionization distribution is modified by the fountain effect that develops a crest of electron density at around ±15° to ±20° of the magnetic equator and a trough at the magnetic equator during the local noon hours. Related to this phenomenon is the appearance of ionosphere irregularities and plasma bubbles after local sunset. These may degrade further the quality of service obtained from the GNSS/SBAS system of the said periods. Considering the present operational augmentation systems, the accuracy and integrity of the ionosphere corrections estimate decreases as the level of disturbances increases. In order to provide a correct ionosphere correction to the user of GNSS operating in African EIA region and meet the integrity requirements, a certified ionosphere correction model that accurately characterizes EIA gradient with the full capacity to over-bound the residual error will be needed. An irregularities detector and a decorrelation adaptor are essential in an algorithm usable for African sub-Saharan SBAS operation. The algorithm should be able to cater to the equatorial plasma vertical drifts, diurnal and seasonal variability of the ionosphere electron density and also should take into account the large spatial and temporal gradients in the region. This study presents the assessment of the ionosphere threat model with single and multi-layer algorithm, using modified planar fit and Kriging approaches.     

Prediction of ionospheric total electron content using adaptive neural network with in-situ learning algorithm

The Ionospheric Total Electron Content is responsible for the group delay of the signals from the Navigation satellites. This delay causes ranging error, which in turn degrades the accuracy of position estimated by the receivers. For critical applications, single frequency receivers resort to Satellite Based Augmentation Systems in order to have improved accuracy and integrity. The performance of these systems in terms of accuracy can be improved if predictions of the delays are available simultaneously with real measurements. This paper attempts to predict the Total Electron Content using adaptive recurrent Neural Network at three different locations of India. These locations are selected at the magnetic equator, at the equatorial anomaly crest and outside the anomaly range, respectively. In-situ Learning Algorithm has been used for tracking the non-stationary nature of the variation. Prediction is done for different prediction intervals. It is observed that, for each case, the mean and root mean square values of prediction errors remain small enough for all practical applications. Analysis of Variance is also done on the results.     

Kalman滤波估算电离层延迟的一种优化方法

频间偏差（Inter Frequency Bias,IFB）通常会给电离层延迟的解算带来误差.目前从电离层延迟中消除频间偏差的方法是基于GPS双频观测数据建立垂直电离层模型,利用卡尔曼滤波实时估算电离层模型系数和频间偏差.然而滤波过程中的测量噪声协方差矩阵没有考虑系统观测量之间的相关性,这会导致滤波模型不准确,进而影响最后求解的电离层延迟的准确性.本文选取了美国19个参考站的GPS双频观测数据,利用卡尔曼滤波实时估算电离层模型系数以及频间偏差.在滤波过程中,通过将先验频间偏差的估计方差引入测量噪声方差,实现对测量噪声协方差矩阵的优化.计算结果表明,优化后得到的卫星频间偏差与欧洲定轨中心（Center for Orbit Determination in Europe,CODE）得到的频间偏差更接近.将优化后的电离层延迟代入伪距解算,得到的位置误差的标准差在东向和天顶向分别下降了12.5%和15.4%,天顶向误差平均值下降了17.6%,定位精度得到提高.      

改进的基于剩余度置信度传播的LDPC解码算法

低密度奇偶校验（LDPC,Low-Density Parity-Check）码的剩余度置信度传播（RBP,Residual Belief-Propagation）和基于行的剩余度置信度传播（NWRBP,Node-Wise RBP）解码算法的性能提升非常有限且计算复杂度较高.提出改进的RBP（ERBP,Enhanced RBP）算法,在一个子迭代中,仅更新一个消息,然后设置被更新消息所在行的所有节点的剩余度值为0,使得ERBP解码算法在每个子迭代中使用不同行的消息进行计算,以加速迭代收敛.不同的LDPC码用于对所提出的算法进行性能仿真.仿真结果表明,与其他算法相比,ERBP算法降低了误帧率（FER,Frame Error Ratio）,并加快了迭代收敛速度.      

Design of BDS-3 integrity monitoring and preliminary analysis of its performance

With the improvement in the service accuracy and expansion of the application scope of satellite navigation systems, users now have high demands for system integrity that are directly related to navigation safety. As a crucial index to measure the reliability of satellite navigation systems, integrity is the ability of the system to send an alarm when an abnormity occurs. The new-generation Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS-3) prioritized the upgrading of system integrity as an important objective in system construction. Because the system provides both basic navigation and satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS) services by the operational control system, BDS-3 adopts an integrated integrity monitoring and processing strategy that applies satellite autonomous integrity monitoring and ground-based integrity monitoring for both the basic navigation service and SBAS navigation service. BDS-3 also uses an improved and refined integrity parameter system to provide slow, fast and real-time integrity parameters for basic navigation, and provide SBAS-provided integrity information messages in accordance with Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA) specification and dual frequency, multi-constellation (DFMC) specification to support the SBAS signal frequency, single constellation operation and DFMC operation respectively. The performance of BDS-3 system integrity monitoring is preliminarily verified during on-orbit testing in different states, including normal operation, satellite clock failure and satellite ephemeris failure. The results show that satellite autonomous integrity monitoring, ground-based integrity monitoring and satellite-based augmentation all correctly work within the system. Satellite autonomous integrity monitoring can detect satellite clock failure but not satellite orbit failure. However, ground-based integrity monitoring can detect both. Moreover, the satellite-based augmentation integrity system monitors the differential range error after satellite ephemeris and clock error corrections based on user requirements. Compared to the near minute-level time-to-alert capability of ground-based integrity monitoring, satellite autonomous integrity monitoring reduces the system alert time to less than 4 s. With a combined satellite-ground monitoring strategy and the implementation of different monitoring technologies, the BDS-3 integrity of service has been considerably improved.     

芯片级原子钟数字温控系统设计

随着美国国防部先进项目研究局(Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency,DARPA)对微型定位导航授时技术的提出以及无人驾驶技术的发展,芯片级原子钟的市场越来越受到重视。稳定度是衡量芯片级原子钟性能的关键指标,而温度又是影响芯片级原子钟稳定度指标的重要因素,因此高精度的温控系统是芯片级原子钟稳定度的保障。设计了一种高精度的数字温度控制系统,控温精度为2m K。经过对比测试,使用该系统的芯片级原子钟稳定度较以前有了较大的改善,千秒稳定度从7.57×10~(-12)提高到4.99×10~(-12),处于世界先进水平。