后向散射辐射探测大气臭氧总量反演方法的改进

以SBDART模式作为辐射传输计算模式,在各种大气气溶胶存在的情况下利用现有的大气后向散射反演大气臭氧总量的Version7方法,模拟计算得到各种气溶胶存在时的大气臭氧总量,并分析了反演结果误差产生的原因.进一步提出根据斜气柱臭氧总量sΩ0,选择不同连续波长区间测量得到的后向散射强度来对臭氧总量的初估值Ω0进行修正的方法.将得到的结果与Version7的进行比较,证明了新方法的有效性.      

气溶胶光学特性偏振遥感反演算法

陆地上空大气顶的辐射主要由大气散射和地表反射组成,一般地表反射的贡献要大于大气散射的贡献,使得陆地上空气溶胶的特性提取非常困难,而偏振信息只强烈依赖于散射粒子的特性,发展基于偏振信息的气溶胶反演方法是非常有效的. 通过对矢量辐射传输方程求解进行研究,基于倍加累加法矢量辐射传输模式分析影响气溶胶反演的主要因素,确定多维参数查找表建立方法,利用POLDER(Polarization and Directionality of the Earth-s Reflectances)提供的反射率和偏振反射率数据,发展了一种利用反射率和偏振反射率查找表迭代查找反演气溶胶光学参数和地表反射率的算法,实现了对北京、香河、Dalanzadgad观测站上空气溶胶光学厚度、粒子半径、折射指数和地表反射率的反演.用AERONET(Aerosol Robotic Network)地基数据对反演结果进行了验证.     

中法海洋卫星微波散射计在轨性能验证

中法海洋卫星（CFOSAT）微波散射计是国际上第一个旋转扇形波束体制散射计，通过优化雷达观测几何实现对地面目标多角度和多方位的高精度测量，提高海面风场、土壤湿度和海冰面积等地球物理参数的反演精度.根据CFOSAT卫星2018年10月发射以来的在轨测试数据，结合散射计系统特点，分析验证了星上定标数据和后向散射系数反演结果的正确性，并对CFOSAT首批科学数据进行了定量分析和系统评价.结果表明，CFOSAT散射计在轨工作状态良好，实际性能与设计预期一致，风速测量精度优于1.5m·-1，风向测量精度优于15°，空间分辨率可达12.5km，在近岸风场监测、土壤湿度遥感和海冰面积估计等应用领域具有独特的优势.      

海洋二号卫星微波散射计自然扩展目标在轨定标

海洋二号卫星微波散射计(HY-2 Scatterometer, HY-2 SCAT)是一种旋转扫描笔形波束散射计, 能够对同一观测面元提供4次方位角和入射角的观测组合, 并通过地球物理模型反演海面风场. 为达到设计的风场反演精度, 要求其系统定标精度达到0.5dB. 利用不同区域自然扩展目标对HY-2 SCAT进行在轨外定标, 并与OSCAT散射计在同时期内的测量结果进行了对比. 定标结果显示可以消除因散射计天线指向偏差带来的方位向测量误差. 针对HY-2 SCAT方位向测量偏差进行了误差分析, 利用仿真方法以及海洋二号卫星雷达高度计同期测量数据的反演结果进行比对, 验证了误差来源.      

垂直对天顶测量的紫外前向散射探测臭氧总量的可行性研究

选用SBDART模式作为大气辐射传输计算模式,通过模拟计算和结果分析探讨无云的晴天、垂直对天顶观测的紫外前向散射反演大气臭氧总量的可行性.计算表明,穿透能力与探测灵敏度之间的复杂联系使得探测波长应随着sΩ0的增大而波长变长,若用波长对探测,则波长对中较短的波长也应随着sΩ0的增大而增大.另外大气的臭氧总量越少,反演结果受下垫面反照率、气压和仪器精度的影响越大,因而反演误差越大.当强度Ii的测量精度为±1%时,下垫面反照率R和气压P0的分辨率分别达到±0.05和±50 hPa,若用单波长探测,则在大气臭氧总量Ω0和s都较小时,反演结果大于5%;若选用波长对进行探测,由于R和P0的误差对反演结果的影响降低,故精度大大提高.Ii,R和P0在上述精度下,选取适当的波长对进行探测,精度至少可达±4%,当臭氧总量高于350 DU时,可达±2%.      

基于GNSS-R的裸土圆极化散射特性研究

GNSS-R是利用导航卫星的反射信号对地物参数进行遥感的新兴对地观测方式。针对其特有的圆极化散射方式，以双站散射的高级积分方程模型为工具，利用极化合成的方法将随机粗糙地表面圆极化散射模型转换为可以计算各种极化的微波散射模型。重点模拟分析了不同土壤水分含量下，裸土在不同观测几何时的圆极化散射特性。随机粗糙地表面圆极化散射模型的发展在某种程度上填补了GNSS-R领域机理模型的空缺，为后续土壤水分的进一步反演提供了机理工具。      

基于FY-3C/MWHTS观测资料反演中低纬度海面气压

利用风云三号C星（FY-3C）微波温湿探测仪（MWHTS）的实测亮温数据，开展了中低纬度（40°S-40°N）区域海面气压反演研究.MWHTS 118.75GHz氧气通道的辐射亮温测量值与氧气气柱总量密切相关，可用于反演海面气压.根据辐射传输方程分析了MWHTS 8个氧气通道对海面气压的敏感性.结果表明，与位于氧气吸收带中心的通道相比，位于吸收带翼区的探测通道对海面气压的变化更敏感.基于神经网络方法建立了中低纬度海面气压反演算法，通过将反演结果与ERA-Interim再分析数据以及原位观测数据进行对比分析，发现建立的反演算法在中低纬度晴空、云天、雨天条件下，对海面气压的估计精度分别为2.0，3.0和3.5hPa.最后，开展了生成初期热带气旋的反演试验，结果表明反演的海面气压资料对热带低压的判别有一定帮助.      

基于Fabry-Perot干涉仪气辉观测数据反演中性风速方法比较

利用半径法、完整傅里叶级数描述法和非线性回归法分别对安装在河北省境内国家天文台兴隆园区（40.2°N,117.4°E）的Fabry-Perot干涉仪（FPI）获得的地基中高层大气气辉观测数据进行风速反演.反演结果表明,半径法、完整傅里叶级数描述法和非线性回归法均能很好地反演风速,在误差范围内反演结果存在很好的一致性.相对于半径法和完整傅里叶级数描述法,非线性回归方法更完整地利用了观测数据信息,反演结果可信度较高.      

RCS分析中多次反射的计算及程序实现技术

介绍目标RCS分析计算中多次散射的计算方法,计算多次散射时主要考虑面元-面元之间的相互作用,计算过程采用几何光学法(GO)、物理光学法(PO),在总后向RCS计算中还运用了等效电磁流法.同时,文中讨论计算多次散射的程序实现技术.最后,给出计算例子,考虑多次散射时总的后向RCS计算结果与前人发表的实验结果相吻合.      

A method for estimating cross radiance

When imaging the surface from satellites or aircraft, “cross radiance” diminishes the information content of the pictures. In this paper a simple method is presented to estimate the value of cross radiance. This method includes a height-dependent aerosol size distribution model and the calculations refer to the single scattering approximation. The height variation of aerosol size distribution has significant effect on the value of cross radiance, while the areal distribution does not change much in comparison with that of the height-independent aerosol model.     

Modeling of effect of polarization on UV sky radiance during twilight

The spatial distribution of the vector of the Stokes parameters characterizing the radiance intensity and the radiance polarization describes the radiation field in the atmosphere. A simplified treatment of light as the scalar has only restricted application. A few studies compared previously results of the vector and scalar radiative transfer models and showed that scalar models are in error by up to 10% for many cases. Though several observational conditions were exploited, an effect of polarization on modeling of UV radiance has not been investigated yet for twilight. The paper presents a preliminary study of modeled UV radiance during twilight taking into account polarization. The intensity and the degree of linear polarization of the scattered UV radiance for two cases of the ground-based observations are discussed. In the first case, radiation incoming from the zenith for the solar zenith angles (SZA) from 90° to 98° is under investigation. Radiation in the solar principal plane for the beginning of twilight (SZA = 90.1°) was calculated in the second case. The study showed that the UV radiation field in the twilight atmosphere can be handled correctly only using the vector theory. The errors of scalar radiative transfer strongly depend on wavelength, line of an observation and solar position. The revealed distortion of the zenith radiance caused by using of the scalar approximation reaches maximum of 15% at 340 nm for the solar zenith angle (SZA) equal to 98°. The shorter wavelengths have the smaller errors, about 5% at 305 nm for SZA = 98°, due to the larger part of the single scattered radiance. The error of the scalar modeling may be as large as −17% for radiance incoming from the horizon for SZA = 90.1°. Scalar radiative transfer models underestimate the integral intensity in the principal plane up to 3–4% ± 0.5% at SZA = 90.1° for wavelengths from 320 to 340 nm. This should be taken into account in problems of radiative budget estimation and remote sensing of the atmosphere exploiting the twilight period.     

Boundary layer aerosol retrieval from thermal infrared nadir sounding – Preliminary results

A non-empirical algorithm is presented to retrieve the optical depth in the 750–1250 cm⁻¹ spectral range, of aerosol located in the boundary layer over the ocean, from nadir high-resolution radiance spectra in the thermal infrared. The algorithm is based on a line-by-line radiative transfer forward model and used the Optimal Estimation Method for the retrieval. Its performance strongly depends on the quality of the a priori temperature and H₂O atmospheric profiles. To demonstrate the relevance of the algorithm, distributions of maritime aerosol parameters have been retrieved from IMG/ADEOS data for December 1996, using the algorithm with the LBLRTM radiative transfer code, and ERA40 (ECMWF) a priori atmospheric profiles and surface conditions.     

基于LED光源的运动式太阳模拟器控制系统

为了解决编码式太阳敏感器装星后现场的功能测试，研制了一种基于LED光源的运动式太阳模拟器，为该测试提供模拟的太阳光信号和太阳光矢量信号.基于太阳模拟器组成与工作原理，对光源辐亮度和矢量运动的控制系统进行研究.根据太阳光信号要求，通过光源选取与功率计算确定LED型号和个数，并采用压控恒流源驱动技术对光源辐亮度进行线性调节.根据太阳光矢量信号要求，通过负载扭矩与功率计算选取GUS-60型超声电机，采用16位绝对式编码器对运动角度进行测量，以数字信号处理器为主要器件对电机进行闭环反馈控制.测试结果表明，光源控制系统能够实现辐亮度在0～527.4W·m-2内线性可调，矢量运动装置在-15°～40°内的运动角度控制精度优于±0.01°，满足编码式太阳敏感器的测试要求.      

方位角垂直传递检测新技术

提出了垂直方向方位角传递的一种检测方法，该方法分为发射光源部分和光电传感器接收部分。用光电传感器件敏感光斑的位置并通过调整接收装置进行零位跟踪，即可实现方位角在垂直方向的传递。     

The yaw stability analysis for stratospheric airships in float situation

When a stratospheric airship free floats at pressure altitude, the sideslip angle of the airship is neither random nor against the wind, but is stable on certain values. According to classical potential flow theory, a simplified two-dimensional ellipse and three-dimensional ellipsoid are firstly analyzed respectively, which implied that the airship could present crosswind orientation. The numerical investigations (CFD) on the yaw stability based on a bare hull and a finned airship are employed for verifying the theory conclusion. It is found that the finned airships can remain stable when its sideslip Angle is 55–70°, which is less than 90° of the stable angle of the ellipsoid and bare hull, but statically unstable at low sideslip angles, its static instability is similar to that of dynamic flight. Then the fight data of three stratospheric airships is analyzed. The yaw stability in flight data generally agrees with expectations drawn of theoretical and numerical simulation. These investigations serve to provide references for yaw control and configuration design of airships.     

Retrieval of aerosol optical characteristics from polarization measurements of reflected solar radiation above the oceans

The reflected near infrared solar radiation observed from space above the oceans is due mainly to the atmosphere scattering, as the ocean surface is nearly black. The molecular Rayleigh contribution is also minimized at infrared wavelengths and it can be evaluated. It is shown that the degree of polarization is much more sensitive to the aerosol properties than the radiance. Measurements of polarization at two wavelengths and with an angular scanning are simulated and an inversion algorithm is proposed. It aims at finding an “equivalent aerosol model,” which reproduces the optical thickness and the asymmetry factor of the actual aerosol at all wavelengths in the solar spectrum.     

气动辅助异面变轨在多碎片清除中的应用分析

碎片清除飞行器异面变轨需要消耗大量燃料.从气动辅助异面变轨优化设计及被清除碎片轨道高度差值、倾角差值等参数对变轨性能的影响出发,比较分析了优化气动辅助异面变轨与双脉冲霍曼轨道转移的燃料节约量,研究了不同轨道高度差对于实施气动辅助变轨燃料节约量的影响.当地球静止轨道（GEO）与低地轨道（LEO）间气动辅助变轨优化速度增量约为1.55km·s-1、质量面积比172kg·m-2、比冲310s、轨道倾角变化16°时,燃料节约率约为45%.对比研究了不同轨道高度差LEO轨道间实施气动辅助变轨的燃料节约情况.结果表明:随着轨道高度的增加,气动辅助优化效率逐渐降低;在相同高度轨道间实施异面变轨,随着轨道倾角的增加,气动辅助变轨燃料节约率先增大后减小,倾角改变量约为20°时,燃料节约率最大;当轨道倾角为5°时,采用气动辅助变轨和双脉冲变轨的燃料消耗量相同.