A 2-D comparison of ionospheric convection derived from SuperDARN and DMSP measurements

Ion drift vectors measured by the DMSP satellites are compared with plasma convection vectors obtained by the SuperDARN HF radars through the standard Map Potential algorithm of Ruohoniemi and Baker [Ruohoniemi, M., Baker, K.B. Large-scale imaging of high-latitude convection with super dual auroral radar network HF radar observations. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 20797–20811, 1998]. Despite significant data spread, the agreement can be qualified as reasonable for a data set comprising of 149 satellite passes over the Northern Hemisphere at high latitudes. The slope of the best-fit line relating SuperDARN and DMSP velocity magnitudes is of the order of 0.3 with a tendency for the SuperDARN velocities to be smaller. The agreement between the azimuths of the ion drift and convection is better with the slope of the best-fit line being close to 1. It is shown that consistency between the radar and satellite measurements is much better if the SuperDARN line-of-sight velocities are compared with the DMSP cross-track ion drifts for events showing slow spatial and temporal variations of the convection. If areas of strong convection changes are included into comparison, the degree of agreement deteriorates drastically. This result implies that differences in the spatial and temporal resolutions of DMSP and SuperDARN measurements are crucial factors contributing to the observed discrepancies. In addition, some differences are introduced when the SuperDARN line-of-sight velocities are filtered and reprocessed into vectors with the application of a background convection model.     

The contribution of radar interferometry to the assessment of landslide hazards

Interferometric analysis of repeat pass radar images (InSAR) enables the mapping of slope movements with high accuracy, being of great relevance for the assessment of landslide risk. The InSAR method is briefly explained, with emphasis on data processing for landslide motion mapping. Constraints of the method are discussed, mainly resulting from temporal decorrelation of the radar signal in vegetated areas. Application examples for InSAR mapping of very slow slope movements, using SAR data of the European Earth Observation Satellite ERS, are shown for a mass waste above an alpine traffic route and for slope deformation in a mountain village. The comparison with GPS measurements of surface motion shows RMSE = 3.7 mm a⁻¹ between the InSAR and GPS retrieved motion, where part of this difference is attributed to the different observation periods. The investigations demonstrate the good capability of InSAR for detecting and monitoring surface deformation on mountain slopes, thus providing valuable support for landslide inventories and risk assessment.     

基于模糊控制的焊接机器人焊枪姿态规划

针对骑座式相贯线焊接机器人焊枪姿态的规划问题,提出了一种基于模糊控制的算法.以焊缝倾角、焊缝转角、坡口大小、被贯筒体厚度和相贯筒体厚度为输入变量,以焊接行走角和工作角为输出变量,建立多输入多输出系统模糊控制器;推导出各输入变量的隶属度函数;采用经验归纳法设计模糊控制规则,建立了相应的控制规则表;最后规划出焊枪的工作角和行走角.对不同的相贯筒体直径进行了仿真,结果表明,采用加权模糊专家系统对骑座式相贯线焊接机器人焊枪的工作角和行走角进行规划,可以有效的完成焊接过程焊枪的姿态控制.     

Improvement of the ADEOS-II/GLI sun-glint algorithm using concomitant microwave scatterometer-derived wind data

The tendency of over-estimation of sun-glint reflectance was found in GLI satellite ocean color data, after applying the traditional sun-glint model of Cox and Munk together with objective analysis wind data. ADEOS-II has provided a good opportunity to improve the glint model using data measured by GLI and SeaWinds, both onboard the satellite. With the help of simultaneous wind measurements achieved by SeaWinds, the Cox and Munk model is re-evaluated using GLI measurements to obtain a new relationship between the surface mean square slope and wind. The new model was found to be very close to the Cox and Munk under moderate wind speed but is much different under calm condition, where it shows similarity to the result reported by Ebuchi and Kizu. It also improves the ocean color data availability and the precision of sun-glint reflectance, based on the evaluation result of the generated Level 3 data products.     

Characterizing slope correction methods applied to satellite radar altimetry data: A case study around Dome Argus in East Antarctica

Slope correction is important to improve the accuracy of satellite radar elevation measurements by mitigating the slope-induced error (SE), especially over uneven ground surfaces. Although several slope correction methods have been proposed, guidance in the form of stepwise algorithm on how to implement these methods in processing radar altimetric data at the coding level, and the differences among these methods need to be presented and discussed systematically. In this paper, three existing types of slope correction methods—the direct method (DM), intermediate method (IM), and relocation method (RM, further divided into RM1 and RM2)—are described in detail. In addition, their main differences and features for various scientific applications are analyzed. We conduct a systematic experiment with CryoSat-2 Low Resolution Mode (LRM) data in a physically stable area around Dome Argus in East Antarctica, where in-situ measurements were available for comparison. The slope correction is implemented separately using the three methods, with the latest high-accuracy Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica (REMA) as the a-priori topography model. The bias and precision of the slope-corrected CryoSat-2 data results from the RM2 is ?0.18 ± 0.86 m based on the comparison with the field Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data. The results from the RM2 indicate higher precision compared to those from the RM1. According to the correlation analysis of the slope-corrected CryoSat-2 data results (RM1 and RM2), the bias enlarges and the precision becomes worse when the surface slope increases from 0 to 0.85°. After a comprehensively comparative analysis, we find that the results from the RM1 and RM2 are superior in precision (0.93 m and 0.86 m) with respect to the GNSS data. The relatively low precision (1.22 m) from the IM is due to the potential error from the a-priori digital elevation model (DEM). The DM has the lowest precision (2.66 m). Another experiment over rough topography in West Antarctica is carried out for comparison, especially between the RM1 (precision of 15.27 m) and RM2 (precision of 16.25 m). In general, the RM is recommended for the SE elimination among the three methods. Moreover, the RM2 is firstly considered over smooth topography due to the superior performance in bias and precision, while the RM1 is more suggested over the rough topography because of the slightly smaller bias and better precision. The IM relies much on the accuracy of the a-prior DEM and is not usually recommended, because of the strict requirement in the sampling time between the radar altimetry data and the a-priori DEM to avoid any surface change over time.     

Influence of different data fusion methods on the accuracy of three-dimensional displacements field

Combining multi-source data can improve the accuracy and the spatial resolution of the three-dimensional (3-D) displacements field. How to effectively integrate multi-source data to obtain high-precision and high spatial resolution 3-D displacements field is worthy of further study. The stochastic model and fusion model of integrating multi-source data affect the accuracy of data fusion. In this paper, based on the least squares method, the effects of different stochastic models and data fusion models on the 3-D displacements field’s accuracy are studied. The optimal method for estimating large-scale 3-D displacements field from integrated InSAR, leveling and GPS measurements is obtained. Then we realize the integrating InSAR, leveling and GPS measurements to obtain the high-precision 3-D displacements velocity field in Tianjin (China) from 2016 to 2018. The results are validated with GPS measurements at 6 independent stations, with the root mean squares (RMS) residuals of the discrepancies being 2.39 mm/yr, 2.54 mm/yr and 2.83 mm/yr in eastern, northern and vertical directions, respectively. By comparing different stochastic models, the 3-D displacements field obtained from multi-source data is optimized by the variance component estimation-least squares method, which is better than weighted least squares (WLS) method. By comparing different data fusion models, the accuracy of the horizontal displacements velocity is better than that of interpolated GPS results. The horizontal displacements component has a great influence on the vertical displacements velocity accuracy in the process of acquiring the 3-D displacements velocity by integrating InSAR, GPS and leveling measurements. This study provides a reference method for integrating multi-source data to obtain 3-D displacements field. This method effectively utilizes the advantages of GPS, InSAR and leveling measurements, and extends the limitations of single technical in describing surface-time scale applications. The 3-D displacements information with a large spatial scale and high spatial resolution provide a reliable data basis for studying the crustal movement and its dynamic mechanism.     

Deriving remote sensing reflectance from turbid Case II waters using green-shortwave infrared bands based model

The objectives of this study are to validate the applicability of a shortwave infrared atmospheric correction model (SWIR-based model) in deriving remote sensing reflectance in turbid Case II waters, and to improve that model using a proposed green-shortwave infrared model (GSWIR-based model). In a GSWIR-based model, the aerosol type is determined by a SWIR-based model and the reflectance due to aerosol scattering is calculated using spectral slope technology. In this study, field measurements collected from three independent cruises from two different Case II waters were used to compare models. The results indicate that both SWIR- and GSWIR-based models can be used to derive the remote sensing reflectance at visible wavelengths in turbid Case II waters, but GSWIR-based models are superior to SWIR-based models. Using the GSWIR-based model decreases uncertainty in remote sensing reflectance retrievals in turbid Case II waters by 2.6–12.1%. In addition, GSWIR-based model’s sensitivity to user-supplied parameters was determined using the numerical method, which indicated that the GSWIR-based model is more sensitive to the uncertainty of spectral slope technology than to that of aerosol type retrieval methodology. Due to much lower noise tolerance of GSWIR-based model in the blue and near-infrared regions, the GSWIR-based model performs poorly in determining remote sensing reflectance at these wavelengths, which is consistent with the GSWIR-based model’s accuracy evaluation results.     

利用高频天波返回散射反演台风中心和风速

通过分析高频天波返回散射地（海）杂波频谱分布特性,构建三谱滤波器模型,实现多类型频谱中一阶海杂波峰值比的提取,结果与实测数据吻合较好.基于台风中心与区域一阶海杂波峰值比相关性分析,结合后向差分法,有效确定了台风中心,结果与气象部门发布数据趋势上基本一致,平均绝对误差约38km.使用修正经验模型法初步开展了台风中心最大风速和台风中心附近的风速反演,结果与气象部门发布数据分布基本一致.研究结果表明高频天波返回散射探测对大范围、远距离海态监测具有重要意义.      

太阳极紫外辐射对热层大气密度的影响

对2001-2021年SOHO卫星的极紫外辐射测量数据,以及CHAMP,GRACE-A和SWARM-C卫星资料推导出的高分辨率大气密度数据进行统计分析,发现大气密度与极紫外测量值的相关系数大于密度与F10.7指数的相关系数,证实极紫外辐射在不同地方时的影响程度存在显著差异,从而驱动大气密度的周日变化。利用三颗卫星的高度差异揭示极紫外辐射对大气密度的加热效应在350～500 km范围随着高度增加而减弱。统计得到极紫外辐射影响在地方时和纬度上的空间差异：对夏季半球的影响大于冬季半球;在白天,对中纬度地区的影响高于赤道和高纬度地区;在夜间,密度对辐射的斜率在夏季半球高纬度地区存在峰值,在冬季半球中纬度存在谷值,模型DTM2000和NRLMSISE00未能准确刻画。为了改进经验模型,提出基于球谐函数的拟合方法,优于主流模型周日效应采用的表达式,对周日效应建模和修正提供有益借鉴。利用昼夜间能量传输和热层大气经向环流机制探讨了统计结果的物理机制。     

Preliminary gravity recovery from CryoSat-2 data in the Baffin Bay

A number of geophysical phenomenons in the open ocean are still unresolved by conventional altimetry, but could be resolved through the potential improvements offered by Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), also called Delay-Doppler, altimetry. The SAR altimeter offers the following benefits with respect to conventional satellite altimetry: factor of 20 improvements in the along-track resolution, the along-track footprint length which does not vary with wave height (sea state), and improved precision in sea surface height measurements or sea surface slope measurements.     

工件表面轮廓均方根斜率的光散射测量

描述并确定具有明显纹理粗糙表面均方根斜率的光散射技术(均方根斜率是联合表面轮廓高度和波长特性的混合参数)。称为散射光锥法(The scattered light-conemethod)的该技术是基于激光角散射检测阵列(DALLAS——Defector Array for Laser LishtAngular Scattering),它用于测量粗糙表面散射光角分布的仪器。均方根斜率是从DALLAS光散射图象的角宽得到的。一般可以发现角宽(即估计的均方根斜率)对光的入射角和散射角变化相当大时是不敏感的。这些结果与表面材料无关,并且对正弦和随机粗糙表面都是有效的。介绍了散射光锥法的测量原理、实验、数据分析和几点结论。     

基于CCD自动巡线智能小车设计

为实现小车的自动巡线，采用CCD摄像头识别不同颜色的跑道，在测试时选择了黑线。CCD具有128×1个像素，每次可采集128个线阵的数据，将其二值化后转换为128个8位二进制数，通过A/D接口输出，与STM32微处理器连接。用软件进行采集处理，采用中值算法，找到黑线两边的边缘，确定黑线的中心点。计算出小车的中心点与黑线的中心点之间的偏移量，控制小车的左转、右转还是直行。用编码器对车轮测速，用速度PID算法控制小车的行驶，以实现自动巡线。测试结果表明：该CCD巡线智能车能够实现自动巡线功能，不仅可自动循迹黑线，还可循迹其它颜色的线条，使得小车的巡线速度得以提高，为自动循迹小车提供了一种新方法、新思路。     

基于CCD自动巡线智能小车设计

为实现小车的自动巡线,采用CCD摄像头识别不同颜色的跑道,在测试时选择了黑线。CCD具有128×1个像素,每次可采集128个线阵的数据,将其二值化后转换为128个8位二进制数,通过A/D接口输出,与STM32微处理器连接。用软件进行采集处理,采用中值算法,找到黑线两边的边缘,确定黑线的中心点。计算出小车的中心点与黑线的中心点之间的偏移量,控制小车的左转、右转还是直行。用编码器对车轮测速,用速度PID算法控制小车的行驶,以实现自动巡线。测试结果表明:该CCD巡线智能车能够实现自动巡线功能,不仅可自动循迹黑线,还可循迹其它颜色的线条,使得小车的巡线速度得以提高,为自动循迹小车提供了一种新方法、新思路。     

A space instrument for fundamental materials science problems: The MEPHISTO program

Keeping planar the L/S interface during solidification and controling heat and mass transfers in the liquid phase are 2 important constraints which need to be satisfied to grow suitable single crystals. In the first part of this paper we describe performances of the MEPHISTO instrument which allows :

— On line in-situ measurements of the real undercooling of a solidification front by a non-perturbative thermoelectric method.

— On line supervision of convective motions influence on crystal growth. In the second part, we present the first main results obtained during the ground testing of the space mock-up and we quantify the scientific results accuracy concerning both the onset of the morphological stability and the interface response to unsteady perturbations.     

Validation of 9.6 μm ozone transmittances by spectral radiance satellite measurements

The accuracy of atmospheric transmittances is important in remote sensing applications. In this paper the atmospheric ozone transmittances in the 1042 cm^?1 ozone band were calculated for different temperatures and ozone profiles using line-by-line integration method. The absorption line parameters were taken from McClatchey's line parameter compilation. The transmittances were used to derive the main characteristics of the atmospheric ozone profile and the total ozone amount from radiance measurements of Meteor satellites.     

基于趋势符号聚合近似的卫星时序数据分类方法

作为在时间序列数据挖掘中广泛使用的主要符号化表示方法，符号聚合近似（SAX）使用段的平均值作为符号表示，由于无法区分具有不同趋势但具有相同平均值符号的不同时间序列，某些情况下可能会导致错误的分类。提出了一种改进的符号表示——趋势符号聚合近似（TrSAX），集成SAX与最小二乘法，用以描述时间序列的均值和斜率，并由此构建出BOTS分类器。此外，对卫星的模拟量遥测时序数据中的角度序列、转速序列、电流序列进行分析，并从UCR公开数据集中筛选出与3种序列类似的3个数据集进行分类实验验证。与应用了SAX和2个改进的SAX、经典的欧氏距离（ED）、动态时间规整（DTW）的1-NN分类方法进行对比，结果表明:提出的BOTS分类方法的分类错误率明显低于其他5种分类方法。      

Langley method applied in study of aerosol optical depth in the Brazilian semiarid region using 500, 670 and 870 nm bands for sun photometer calibration

Due to the high costs of commercial monitoring instruments, a portable sun photometer was developed at INPE/CRN laboratories, operating in four bands, with two bands in the visible spectrum and two in near infrared. The instrument calibration process is performed by applying the classical Langley method. Application of the Langley’s methodology requires a site with high optical stability during the measurements, which is usually found in high altitudes. However, far from being an ideal site, Harrison et al. (1994) report success with applying the Langley method to some data for a site in Boulder, Colorado. Recently, Liu et al. (2011) show that low elevation sites, far away from urban and industrial centers can provide a stable optical depth, similar to high altitudes. In this study we investigated the feasibility of applying the methodology in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil, far away from pollution areas with low altitudes, for sun photometer calibration. We investigated optical depth stability using two periods of measurements in the year during dry season in austral summer. The first one was in December when the native vegetation naturally dries, losing all its leaves and the second one was in September in the middle of the dry season when the vegetation is still with leaves. The data were distributed during four days in December 2012 and four days in September 2013 totaling eleven half days of collections between mornings and afternoons and by means of fitted line to the data V₀ values were found. Despite the high correlation between the collected data and the fitted line, the study showed a variation between the values of V₀ greater than allowed for sun photometer calibration. The lowest V₀ variation reached in this experiment with values lower than 3% for the bands 500, 670 and 870 nm are displayed in tables. The results indicate that the site needs to be better characterized with studies in more favorable periods, soon after the rainy season.     

Soil moisture mapping over the Chinese Loess Plateau using ENVISAT/ASAR data

In this paper, we used the available algorithm for soil moisture estimation over LOPEX05 (the Loess Plateau land surface process Experiment (2005)) area. The available algorithm used ENVISAT/ASAR AP mode VV polarization observational data at a low incidence angle and ground measured soil moistures. The ground measurements were performed in the summer of the 2005 during the LOPEX05 field campaign. The validated results indicate that an average difference between the soil moistures estimated from the microwave remote sensing and ground measurements is less than 0.02 cm³/cm³, with a RMS error of 2.0%, and a maximum less than 0.04 cm³/cm³. The algorithm was applied to the surface soil moisture mapping later. The results show that this algorithm is suitable for monitoring soil moisture information of the agricultural fields over the Chinese Loess Plateau, when ground land cover situation and the resolution of imagery data are taken into account. However, we also find that there are large differences over the steep slope region, the edge of mesa. The results are not acceptable for surface soil moisture estimation in these regions. Thus, the surface soil moisture retrieval in the steep slope region of the Loess Plateau need to be further investigated in the future.     

扭转Alfvén波共振的数学描述

提出完备正交函数基(OFSE)展开方法,求解冕环中无耗散扭转Alfvn波。每个基函数对应冕环中每根磁力线的一个固有角频率ω_n,当冕环足点驱动频率等于磁力线的固有频率时,Alfvn波将在这根磁力线处发生共振。采用OFSE方法求解了双足点驱动时冕环Alfvn波的时变演化问题,给出了时变解析解的新形式,其中包含共振项,从共振项可以发现,在共振角频率为ω的共振磁力线附近,在时间t为π/ω的整数倍时,出现δ型间断;在t为π/(2ω)的奇数倍时,出现1/x间断。共振磁力线振幅随时间线性增加,增加的斜率正比于Alfvn波速,反比于冕环长度,与驱动频率无关。     

机载离心式制冷压缩机设计及特性分析

开发制冷量等级为50 kW的超级小型化离心式制冷压缩机是发展新一代战斗机蒸发循环系统的关键技术.由于小流量特点,工业中使用的大型离心式制冷压缩机设计经验不能完全适用于小型离心式制冷压缩机设计及工作特性的预测.基于试验,提出相关设计方案,通过建立小流量离心式压缩机效率、压比等的特性计算方程,对所设计的压缩机进行性能预测,经试验数据验证,计算结果与试验数据较为接近.该研究结果可为国内发展机载蒸发循环用离心式制冷压缩机提供技术支持.