Recent Development and Preliminary Results of Chinese Meridian Project

The Meridian Project is a ground-based network program to monitor solar-terrestrial space environment, which consists of a chain of 15 ground-based observatories located roughly along 120°E longitude and 30°N latitude. The Meridian project started in 2008, and its construction was completed by 2011. The integration and test phase of the Meridian Project conducted in 2011 demonstrated its observation capabilities as expected. The project will be in full operation in 2012. This report gives an overview of the recent development and preliminary results of the Meridian Project since 2010.      

Main Science Results from Chinese Meridian Project(2014—2015)

The Chinese Meridian Space Weather Monitoring Project (Meridian Project for short) is a ground-based geospace monitoring chain in China. It consists of a chain of 15 ground-based observatories located roughly along 120°E longitude and 30°N latitude. Each observatory is equipped with multiple instruments to measure key parameters such as the baseline and time-varying geomagnetic field, the middle and upper atmosphere and ionosphere from about 20 to 1000km. This project started collecting data in 2012. Here a brief overview of the Chinese Meridian Project is given, and most recent science results mainly in the ionospheric and atmospheric studies are presented.      

Introduction to Meridian Space Weather Monitoring Project

The Meridian Project is a ground- based network program to monitor solar-terrestrial space environment, which consists of a chain of ground-based observatories with multiple instruments including magnetometers, ionosondes, HF and VHF radar, Lidar, IPS monitors, sounding rockets etc. The chain is mainly located in the neighborhood of 120°E meridian, and is thus named the Meridian Project. It has officially been approved by the Chinese government and will be finished by 2009. This talk will give an overview of the Meridian Project and the proposed International Space Weather Meridian Circle Program.     

Recent Advances in Observation and Research of the Chinese Meridian Project

The Chinese Meridian Space Weather Monitoring Project (Meridian Project) is a ground-based geospace monitoring chain in China. It consists of 15 ground-based observation stations located roughly along 120°E longitude and 30°N latitude. In recent two years, using data from the Meridian Project, significant progress has been made in space weather and space physics research. These advances are mainly in four aspects:regional characteristics of space environment above China or along 120°E meridian line, coupling between space spheres at different heights and different physical processes, space weather disturbance and its propagation along the meridian chain, and space weather effects on ground technical facilities.      

Recent Advances in Chinese Meridian Project

To develop an understanding of near-Earth space's response to solar activities and the coupling among different layers in geospace, China has initiated a ground base program to monitor China's geospace environment called the Meridian Space Weather Monitoring Project (Chinese Meridian Project). The effort consists of a chain of 15 ground-based observatories located roughly along 120°E longitude and 30°N latitude. Each observatory is equipped with multiple instruments to measure key parameters such as the baseline and time-varying geomagnetic field, as well as the middle and upper atmosphere and ionosphere from about 20 to 1000 kilometers. This project started collecting data in 2012. We will give a brief introduction to the Chinese Meridian Project, and present recent scientific results mainly in ionospheric and atmospheric studies.      

Recent Advances in Research of the Chinese Meridian Project

The Chinese Meridian Project is a ground-based space environment monitoring facility in China. The first phase of the project has been put into formal operation since 2012 after 4-year's construction. It consists of 15 observatories located roughly along 120°E longitude and 30°N latitude, with each observatory equipped with multiple instruments to monitor space environment. Based on the huge observational data accumulated, significant scientific achievements have been made with more than 300 peer-reviewed journal papers published. In this report, scientific results from the past two years have been reviewed with topics covering fields of geomagnetic, atmosphere, ionosphere, and their responses to solar activities. The excellent achievements from the Phase I of Chinese Meridian Project lay a good foundation for Phase II, which has already been approved with the official kick-off of construction in November 2019. It will conceive an unprecedented contribution to global space weather community from China.      

Introduction to Chinese Meridian Project-Phase II

The Chinese Meridian Project is a ground-based space environment monitoring network, which is constructed in two steps. The first step (Phase I) of the project consists of 15 observation stations located roughly along 120°E longitude and 30°N latitude. The second step (Phase II) of the project will additionally deploy 16 stations to better cover China's territory, and build a stereo monitoring capability to monitor the cause and effect of the space weather chain in the solar terrestrial system. Based on the existing two monitoring chains in Phase I, two more chains will be established along 100°E longitude and 40°N latitude, respectively, forming a double-cross network configuration. After the two-step construction, the whole project will run nearly 300 instruments deployed at 31 stations. Aside from standard instruments, quite a few innovative and powerful instruments will be developed, such as radioheliographs with a very wide frequency band, a 3-station incoherent scattering radar to make a 3D measurement of the ionosphere, and a helium lidar to measure atmosphere density up to an altitude of 1000 km.      

中低纬度Pc3-4地磁脉动特性研究——子午工程数据分析初步结果

利用新建成的子午工程地磁台站数据,对比分析了地磁平静期间(2011年3月20-27日)和磁暴期间(2011年9月25日至10月1日)Pc3-4地磁脉动的时空分布特征及其对行星际条件的响应.数据分析结果表明,中低纬度(1.3<L<2.3,L为磁壳参数)的Pc3-4地磁脉动在这两个时期内的分布存在明显的晨昏不对称性,在昼侧前出现明显的Pc3-4地磁脉动并与行星际上游波动密切相关,其振幅增强可能与太阳风动压脉冲相关,高速太阳风更易导致Pc3-4地磁脉动;而对于近赤道低纬(L<1.3)区域,无论是在地磁平静期还是磁暴期均未能观测到Pc3-4地磁脉动,Pc3-4地磁脉动存在明显的纬度效应.      

A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO MERIDIAN PROJECT

Early in 1994, sponsored by Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and then the State Science and Technology Commission of China (SSTC, now Ministry of Sci ence and Technology), Chinese space scientists (including scientists from Taiwan) gathered together to discuss issues on the development of space physics researches in China. Following it, several special seminars were held to continue the discus sion which finally led to a proposal to CAS and SSTC for establishing a station chain along the 120°E to monitor the space environment. This proposal was care fully reviewed and thoroughly evaluated by many leading scientists in the com munity and then listed in the State Plan of Chinese Central Government in June 1997. The project then has been formally called as "Meridian Chain of Compre hensive Ground-Based Space Environment Monitors in the Eastern Hemisphere" "Meridian Project". After several years of preparations the project has been par tially initiated with the efforts devoted by institutes and universities involved.     

地基Fabry-Perot中高层大气风速反演及误差分析

基于子午工程地基法布里-帕罗干涉仪（Fabry-Perot Interferometer,FPI）的气辉观测数据,结合地基独特的观测模式（天顶角为0° 的天顶方向和天顶角为45°的东西北南四个方向）对地基中高层大气风速进行反演,包括数据预处理、干涉环圆心确定、干涉环半径计算和风速反演. 将2010年5月6-13日8天十个环（十个干涉环同时参与反演）的反演结果与地基FPI风速实测数据进行比较,得到557.7nm,630.0nm,892.0nm三种谱线气辉的反演平均偏差分别为2.7m·s-1,5.5m·s-1,7.7m·s-1. 此外,基于反演算法对上述反演精度影响因素进行了分析. 研究发现,气辉辐射强度对风速的反演精度影响较大,气辉辐射越强,外环的半径计算精度越高,可参与的反演环数越多,则最终的风速反演精度越高. 而圆心偏差± 2pixel（五个环）和± 1pixel（十个环）及焦距变化（±10mm）对风速反演精度的影响相对较小,但当超出这一偏差范围,风速反演偏差会迅速增大.      

冷锋期间武汉MST雷达低平流层回波异常现象

武汉MST雷达是中国子午工程建设的两台中高层大气无线电探测雷达之一.该雷达探测频率在VHF频段，雷达回波在低平流层和对流层上部具有角谱特性，可为研究大气动态稳定性提供有效技术手段.本文利用武汉MST雷达2016年4月17日冷锋活动期间及平静天气的角谱实验数据，从雷达回波特性变化、风场空间分布、湍流生成机制以及内重力波影响四个方面分析并解释了MST雷达对流层顶上部区域出现持续异常强回波带的成因.分析结果表明，对流层冷锋的强对流作用诱发内重力波，内重力波向上传播至低平流层后受增强的剪切急流影响发生耗散甚至破碎，激励了长时间跨度的K-H不稳定性，进而导致水平反射层结构发生扰动生成湍流，使得雷达回波结构发生变化.      

一种基于固态盘的磁盘缓存系统架构及其在子午工程数 据中心业务系统中的应用

固态盘作为内存和磁盘之间的二级磁盘缓存运用于服务器存储层次结构中, 以满足空间科学研究领域日益增长的应用级I/O请求. 然而, 当前主流混合 存储架构未能充分发挥固态盘优势, 也没有考虑其寿命损耗. 因此, 本文提 出一种联合固态盘、磁盘的RAF (Random-Access First)混合存储架构, 在 提高系统性能的同时可延长固态盘寿命. 其主要思路是通过序列探测技术, 区 分负载中的随机访问和连续访问, 并将随机和顺序访问请求重定向到固态盘 和磁盘系统分别处理. RAF的原型已在Linux内核2.6.30.10中实现. 基于子 午工程真实业务数据及模拟数据的实验结果表明, RAF与当前的主流架 构Flash Cache相比, 在多种负载情况下可提升系统响应时间17%, 同时减少 固态盘老化率53%, 提高了存储系统的整体性能.      

子午工程探空火箭伸杆展开机构技术研究

根据子午工程探空火箭电子和电场探测需求,设计了套筒式伸杆展开机构.通过电子伸杆和电场伸杆的结构方案设计、力学仿真分析,伸杆单项力学试验,伸杆与整箭的匹配力学试验以及伸杆飞行试验验证得出,该伸杆技术方案合理可行,伸杆总体构型、布局设计及结构方案设计满足科学探测各项技术指标的要求.      

北驼峰区电离层GPS卫星闪烁事件时空特征及对通信的影响

基于子午工程北大深圳站（22.59°N,113.97°E）电离层GPS双频接收机在2011年1月1日至2017年12月31日连续7年的长时间序列闪烁和TEC观测数据,分析不同太阳活条件下华南赤道异常北驼峰区观测到的GPS卫星L波段电离层闪烁事件时空分布特征及其对通信的影响.结果表明:GPS闪烁事件几乎都发生在夜间,且主要发生在春秋分月份;在不同太阳活动条件下,夜间GPS闪烁事件都主要发生在北驼峰区域靠近磁赤道的一侧,且GPS闪烁事件存在明显的东-西侧天区不对称性,即在台站西侧天区发生的闪烁事件明显偏多;在不同太阳活动条件下,弱闪烁事件伴随的TEC耗尽和卫星失锁事件比例相对较低,强闪烁事件则大部分都伴随着TEC耗尽和卫星失锁事件的发生.      

Experimental data and analysis of the October 2003 Forbush decrease

On October 28, 2003 an Earthward-directed coronal mass ejection (CME) was observed from SOHO/LASCO imagery in conjunction with an X17 solar flare. The CME, traveling at nearly 2000 km/s, impacted the Earth on October 29, 2003 causing ground-based particle detectors to register a counting rate drop known as a Forbush decrease. The CME was not only responsible for affecting the rate of cosmic rays, but also caused anisotropies in their direction of incidence. Data from Project GRAND, an array of proportional wire chambers which detects secondary muons, are presented during the time of this Forbush decrease.     

GPS在气象火箭遥测跟踪上的应用

利用GPS全球定位系统、天线云台和宽波瓣天线组成的跟踪系统, 研究了接收位置信息与跟踪之间的时间差, 气象火箭理论弹道误差导致的中断跟踪,气象火箭探空仪分离后至初次定位前的跟踪, 天线云台转到359°位置后反转359°及跟踪过程中跟踪中断后的继续跟踪等关键问题,成功实现了气象火箭探空仪的遥测跟踪. 该跟踪系统在子午工程气象火箭试验中得到较好的应用, 此种跟踪方式相比传统雷达跟踪方式具有体积小、重量轻、操作简单、成本低、机动性强、跟踪可靠性强等诸多优点.      

A study of GPS ionospheric scintillations observed at Shenzhen

Ionospheric scintillation variations are studied using GPS measurements at the low latitude station of Shenzhen (22.59°N, 113.97°E), situated under the northern crest of the equatorial anomaly region, from the Chinese Meridian Project. The results are presented for data collected during the current phase of rising solar activity (low to high solar activity) from December 2010 to April 2014. The results show that GPS scintillation events were largely a nighttime phenomenon during the whole observation period. Scintillation events mainly occurred along the inner edge of the northern crest of the equatorial anomaly in China. The occurrence of scintillations in different sectors of the sky was also investigated, and the results revealed that it is more likely for the scintillations to be observed in the west sector of the sky above Shenzhen. During the present period of study, a total number of 512 total electron content (TEC) depletions and 460 lock loss events were observed. In addition, both of these events are likely to increase during periods of high solar activity, especially because the strong scintillations are often simultaneously accompanied by TEC depletions and lock losses by GPS receivers.     

子午工程首次火箭探空数据准单色惯性重力波特性分析

利用2010年6月3日子午工程首次气象火箭探测的温度和风场数据,采用矢端曲线法分别从平流层（20~50km）和对流层（0~15km）廓线提取了海南火箭发射场上空准单色惯性重力波参数.火箭探测的平流层和对流层两个准单色惯性重力波分别向上和向下逆风传播,固有周期为20.1h和22.4h,垂直波长为9.5km和4.0km,水平波长为2900km和753km,垂直群速度c_gz为0.0887m·-1和0.0298m·-1,水平群速度c_gh为12.7m·-1和3.65m·-1,λ_h/λ_z为305:1和188:1,c_gh/c_gz为143:1和122:1.      

Overview of the Solar Polar Orbit Telescope Project for Space Weather Mission

The Solar Polar ORbit Telescope (SPORT) project for space weather mission has been under intensive scientific and engineering background studies since it was incorporated into the Chinese Space Science Strategic Pioneer Project in 2011.SPORT is designed to carry a suite of remote-sensing and in-situ instruments to observe Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs),energetic particles,solar high-latitude magnetism,and the fast solar wind from a polar orbit around the Sun. The first extended view of the polar regions of the Sun and the ecliptic enabled by SPORT will provide a unique opportunity to study CME propagation through the inner heliosphere,and the solar high-latitude magnetism giving rise to eruptions and the fast solar wind.Coordinated observations between SPORT and other spaceborne/ground-based facilities within the International Living With a Star (ILWS) framework can significantly enhance scientific output.SPORT is now competing for official selection and implementation during China's 13th Five-Year Plan period of 2016-2020.      

低纬(海南)电离层等离子体漂移对地磁活动的响应

利用2003-2016年期间子午工程海南站（19.5°N,109.1°E）数字测高仪观测到的电离层等离子体漂移数据,分析了高低两种太阳活动条件下纬向和垂直向漂移对近磁静、中等磁扰和强磁扰三种地磁活动水平的响应特性.结果表明:日间纬向漂移各季节均以西向为主,随地磁活动无明显变化,白天日出附近和夜间漂移在各季节均以东向为主,随地磁活动增强而减弱,减弱程度在分季最大,在夏季最小;日间垂直漂移在零值附近变化,且不受地磁活动和季节影响,日落附近漂移仅在分季受到地磁活动的抑制,午夜前垂直漂移在分季受到抑制,在冬季因强磁扰而反向,夏季无明显规律,子夜至日出后垂直漂移在各季节随地磁活动增强而减小.与赤道区Jicamarca相比,两地漂移对地磁活动的响应相近,但在幅度和相位上存在差异,这可能是两地区的地理位置、背景电场和风场结构等不同造成的.