遥感卫星在轨可用性约束条件分析及对策

从任务注入、设备控制、信息获取、数据传输、能源平衡五个维度,分析了制约遥感卫星在轨可用性的瓶颈因素;提出新一代遥感卫星运控策略,采用"宏指令"取代"指令模板",提升卫星操控性;采用"动态规划"取代"静态规划",提升星载资源在轨使用效率;采用"自主指令序列优化"取代"被动执行预设指令",提升成像获取和数据传输任务的执行效率。某领域遥感卫星在轨测试和地面仿真表明,与传统运控模式相比,任务注入效率提升了约5倍,操作接口复杂度降低了约94%,并显著提升了星载能源、存储资源、对地数据传输资源的使用效率。     

基于有向图模型的卫星任务指令生成算法

面向任务的卫星操控模式具有操作简便、星载资源使用效率高的优点,正在取代指令序列注入成为遥感卫星运控的新模式。文章提出一种基于有向图模型的遥感卫星任务指令序列生成算法,具有线性存储复杂度和计算复杂度,适合存储资源和计算资源受限的星载计算机应用。此算法已在某遥感卫星应用,测试试验表明,采用3个面向任务的高级指令即可生成52种指令序列,任务上行注入效率提升了5倍。本文方法根据有效载荷的使用约束条件,配置有向图模型参数,即可满足各种类型卫星使用。     

卫星能源约束检查模型改进及仿真

卫星能源约束检查模型对卫星任务规划有重要参考作用,可防止因能源不足而导致卫星故障或任务不能顺利完成。现有的能源约束检查模型存在部分问题:人为设定计算初始值,导致计算不准确;能源约束检查不通过时未给出符合能源约束的任务调整建议,导致任务不能快速调整;未对计算误差进行校正,导致误差积累。对此,提出了一种改进的能源约束检查模型,在原有模型中加入能源数据库对卫星运行的能源数据进行记录,从而准确获取初始值,并在模型中加入任务调整和遥测校正功能。该模型可实现能源约束计算自动管理及任务自动调整功能,缩短任务规划周期,提升紧急任务的执行效率。对改进的模型进行仿真,结果表明:模型预测结果与预期值相符,任务调整和能源校正功能实现良好,能实际应用到运控系统中进行规划任务能源约束检查和能源管理。     

高分多模卫星星地任务管理方案设计与验证

高分多模卫星工作模式复杂,工作模式组合变化多,卫星单轨和1天内可执行任务数量大幅增加。为了解决这些问题,在工程上实现卫星灵活、高效的工作过程精准执行,在操作上实现地面段任务管理的简洁、易用,在应用效能上实现卫星能力的充分发挥与卫星安全性的兼顾,参考国内外遥感卫星技术发展,提出"目标、需求、元任务、动作、指令"的5层次星地任务管理架构,明确了以"元任务"作为星地任务接口,并实现算法开发、地面验证和在轨应用。高分多模卫星星地任务管理方案大幅降低了地面任务管理人员对卫星操作的复杂程度,提高了任务上注效率、执行效率和组合使用灵活性,使得卫星的应用潜能得到完全发挥。     

高分多模卫星工作模式设计与在轨验证

针对高分多模卫星多有效载荷、大数据量、复杂敏捷成像等特点,根据多用户对图像质量、成像模式、获取时效性等应用需求及设计约束,提出了高分多模卫星发射入轨、轨道控制、正常运行、任务执行等各工作模式。其中,针对任务执行模式的敏捷成像模式、数据存储与传输模式、特定区域快速获取模式进行了详细论述。在轨测试结果表明:高分多模卫星工作模式设计正确、合理,卫星任务执行效率高、运行稳定,可以满足用户使用要求。     

卫星姿轨控系统故障推演系统设计架构

研究了目前的卫星姿态轨道控制系统,针对其故障预测、诊断及对策提出了一套故障推演系统设计方案.该方案由故障动态注入系统、动态模拟系统、数据归档显示处理系统组成,完成了对在轨卫星的电性接口一致性仿真,通过计算仿真遥测数据与真实遥测数据的相关量获得异常指标,得出可能出现的故障模式;通过软故障、硬故障和真实部件故障注入方式复现...     

遥感卫星智能操控技术发展研究

随着遥感卫星信息获取能力的快速提升,传统卫星操控模式已无法满足用户快速、准确、灵活的遥感数据获取和信息产品生产需求,亟需发展智能操控技术来降低卫星操控难度和复杂度,有效提升卫星的应用效能。文章论述了遥感卫星智能操控技术的发展现状,分析了智能星地操控的关键技术,提出基于"智能卫星+一体化地面系统+智能操控平台"架构的天地一体化智能星地操控模式,从任务指控、任务进程监控、任务结果处理与多维度呈现、在轨维护以及在轨健康监测与处置等5个维度优化星地操控接口和操控流程,改善人机交互效果,可为遥感卫星操控模式设计和系统实现提供参考。     

能源平衡模型中工作模式判别方法

卫星能源平衡模型用于计算卫星预期的能源消耗,以判断卫星能源能否保证任务的顺利完成,指导电源系统设计或对规划任务进行能源约束。能源平衡计算需要先判别卫星工作模式,工作模式判别的准确性直接影响能源消耗计算的准确性。目前对于多任务且姿态需要相应机动的卫星缺少有效的模式判别方法,为此,提出了通过建立索引表及查询数据库的方式进行工作模式判别的方法。建立不同时间序列工作状态与卫星工作模式索引表,将轨道时间序列及规划任务时间序列注入数据库,查询数据库中不同时间序列工作状态,对照索引表可得卫星工作模式。为提高运行效率,利用加速算法能减少查询次数,缩短查询时间。通过仿真实验对加速参数选取进行了讨论。该方法适合于工作模式复杂且可用时间序列对工作模式进行约束的卫星。     

一种基于反向探测的低轨星座路由算法

针对低轨卫星星座通信系统动态拓扑结构的特点,提出了一种基于反向探测的路由算法（Reverse Detection Based Routing,RDBR）,采用分布式实现且具有极低的运算复杂度,适合于星上实时计算,对于提高星座网络的自主运行能力具有重要意义。与快照序列（Sequent Snap Shots,SSS）算法的对比分析和仿真表明,RDBR算法以有限的信令开销取得的路由性能优于60s快照序列算法。
     

一种卫星通用遥控指令译码器设计

针对卫星传统遥控指令译码器已经无法满足通用性、适应性、好用易用及批量生产的要求,提出了一种新型遥控指令译码器设计。与传统遥控指令译码器相比,新型遥控指令译码器能够同时适应脉冲编码调制(PCM)遥控体制和空间数据系统咨询委员会(CCSDS)分包遥控体制的两种标准;并且配置了两种输入接口,既能直接接收地面发送的直接指令帧进行译码输出,又能接收星载计算机发出的间接指令帧进行译码输出。新型遥控指令译码器配置的与星载计算机的接口以及具备的自主健康管理功能,非常适用于有智能化自主运行管理需求的卫星。该译码器通用性和适应性强,非常适用于高集成度的抗辐照专用集成电路(ASIC)器件研制,以及高可靠性和长寿命产品的批量生产。新型遥控指令译码器设计已在新遥感平台及相应的卫星研制中得到验证。与传统遥控指令译码器相比,新型遥控指令译码器的功能、性能均得到显著提高。     

基于绝对码盘的星载可动组件仿真方法分析

通过分析星载可动组件物理系统原理,建立了基于绝对码盘的可动部件软件仿真模型,并对典型仿真过程进行了分析及说明。通过运用此仿真方法,可模拟出星载可动组件随地面指令动作的各项主要特性,并实现全过程模型仿真,达到预测星载可动组件真实运动轨迹、验证地面遥测处理软件正确性的目的。     

RF communications subsystem for the Radiation Belt Storm Probes mission

The NASA Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) mission, currently in Phase B, is a two-spacecraft, Earth-orbiting mission, which will launch in 2012. The spacecraft's S-band radio frequency (RF) telecommunications subsystem has three primary functions: provide spacecraft command capability, provide spacecraft telemetry and science data return, and provide accurate Doppler data for navigation. The primary communications link to the ground is via the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory's (JHU/APL) 18 m dish, with secondary links to the NASA 13 m Ground Network and the Tracking and Data Relay Spacecraft System (TDRSS) in single-access mode. The on-board RF subsystem features the APL-built coherent transceiver and in-house builds of a solid-state power amplifier and conical bifilar helix broad-beam antennas. The coherent transceiver provides coherency digitally, and controls the downlink data rate and encoding within its field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The transceiver also provides a critical command decoder (CCD) function, which is used to protect against box-level upsets in the C&DH subsystem. Because RBSP is a spin-stabilized mission, the antennas must be symmetric about the spin axis. Two broad-beam antennas point along both ends of the spin axis, providing communication coverage from boresight to 70°. An RF splitter excites both antennas; therefore, the mission is designed such that no communications are required close to 90° from the spin axis due to the interferometer effect from the two antennas. To maximize the total downlink volume from the spacecraft, the CCSDS File Delivery Protocol (CFDP) has been baselined for the RBSP mission. During real-time ground contacts with the APL ground station, downlinked files are checked for errors. Handshaking between flight and ground CFDP software results in requests to retransmit only the file fragments lost due to dropouts. This allows minimization of RF link margins, thereby maximizing data rate and thus data volume.     

A packetised remote visual access data system for space station interactive payload operations.

Potential users of the pressurised Columbus elements, (the Attached Pressurised Module and the Man-Tended Free Flyer), were consulted in order to establish the requirements necessary to achieve effective and efficient remote interactive payload operations. These are briefly described and clearly indicate that the key to such operations is a versatile remote visual access (video) system which is well-tuned to the requirements of the users in both the on-board and ground segments. A packetised remote visual access data system is proposed which accommodates these requirements and offers a very flexible operational environment. It incorporates a scheme for optimising users' remote visual access to their experiments. Methods of implementing the necessary multiplexing and compression aspects of the system are discussed. A scheme for centralized on-board monitoring, which is complicated by the wide range of video sources required by the users, is outlined and aspects of the ground segment, in particular the problem is link delays, are considered.     

线偏差控制的螺旋机动突防与导引一体化设计

导弹机动突防弹道设计与末制导修正能力密切相关,在可用过载与终端角度约束下,提出一种基于线偏差控制的机动突防与导引一体化设计方法。首先,建立了机动突防与导引一体化设计模型;其次,设计了可用过载与终端角度约束的虚拟导引弹道制导律;再次,提出了一种运动过载约束的螺旋机动线偏差指令信号,并设计了相对机动弹道制导律。基于指令滤波和扩张状态观测器分别解决输入受限和干扰估计问题,并基于Lyapunov稳定性理论证明了闭环系统稳定性。不同过载约束下的突防仿真结果表明,所设计的一体化方法能兼顾机动突防与精确打击需求,典型场景下对PAC 3拦截弹的单发突防成功率达到96.2%。     

Integrated RF-optical TT&C for interplanetary telecomms

Science return and high bandwidth communications are one of the key issues to support the foreseen endeavours on next generation missions [J.L. Gerner, Telemetry, tracking and command of satellites—a perspective, TT&C 2004 Workshop, 7–9 September 2004]. Interplanetary telecommunication systems are required that support the foreseen endeavours. Given the same constraints in terms of mass, power and volume a laser communications terminal can offer an increase in telemetry bandwidth over classical RF technology allowing for a variety of new options, specifically to missions that require large distances, such as to the Moon, to liberation points L1 and L2, ultimately aiming at deep space missions. An increase in telemetry data rate allows the mission to consider the processing of raw scientific data to take place on ground, making use of latest technology further developed during the cruise phase of the probe, rather than applying data pre-processing on-board the satellite. Enhanced sensing techniques that generate more science data return could be used and access to data during flight could be faster. Results of on-going activities will be presented, comprising PPM laser communications and advanced tracking concepts. An overview will be given of the system concept for an integrated RF-optical TT&C transponder. Results will be shown from hardware tests on communications performance in inter-island test campaigns.     

Integrated RF-optical TT&C for interplanetary telecomms

Science return and high bandwidth communications are one of the key issues to support the foreseen endeavours on next generation missions [J.L. Gerner, Telemetry, tracking and command of satellites—a perspective, TT&C 2004 Workshop, 7–9 September 2004]. Interplanetary telecommunication systems are required that support the foreseen endeavours. Given the same constraints in terms of mass, power and volume a laser communications terminal can offer an increase in telemetry bandwidth over classical RF technology allowing for a variety of new options, specifically to missions that require large distances, such as to the Moon, to liberation points L1 and L2, ultimately aiming at deep space missions. An increase in telemetry data rate allows the mission to consider the processing of raw scientific data to take place on ground, making use of latest technology further developed during the cruise phase of the probe, rather than applying data pre-processing on-board the satellite. Enhanced sensing techniques that generate more science data return could be used and access to data during flight could be faster. Results of on-going activities will be presented, comprising PPM laser communications and advanced tracking concepts. An overview will be given of the system concept for an integrated RF-optical TT&C transponder. Results will be shown from hardware tests on communications performance in inter-island test campaigns.     

Ground and on-orbit command and data handling architectures for the Active Rack Isolation System microgravity flight experiment

The Active Rack Isolation System [ARIS] International Space Station [ISS] Characterization Experiment, or ARIS-ICE for short, is a long duration microgravity characterization experiment aboard the ISS. The objective of the experiment is to fully characterize active microgravity performance of the first ARIS rack deployed on the ISS. Efficient ground and on-orbit command and data handling [C&DH] segments are the crux in achieving the challenging objectives of the mission. The objective of the paper is to provide an overview of the C&DH architectures developed for ARIS-ICE, with the view that these architectures may serve as a model for future ISS microgravity payloads. Both ground and on-orbit segments, and their interaction with corresponding ISS C&DH systems are presented. The heart of the on-orbit segment is the ARIS-ICE Payload On-orbit Processor, ARIS-ICE POP for short. The POP manages communication with the ISS C&DH system and other ISS subsystems and payloads, enables automation of test/data collection sequences, and provides a wide range of utilities such as efficient file downlinks/uplinks, data post-processing, data compression and data storage. The hardware and software architecture of the POP is presented and it is shown that the built-in functionality helps to dramatically streamline the efficiency of on-orbit operations. The ground segment has at its heart special ARIS-ICE Ground Support Equipment [GSE] software developed for the experiment. The software enables efficient command and file uplinks, and reconstruction and display of science telemetry packets. The GSE software architecture is discussed along with its interactions with ISS ground C&DH elements. A test sequence example is used to demonstrate the interplay between the ground and on-orbit segments.     

Telerobotics and orbital laboratories: an end-to-end analysis and demonstration

A preliminary analysis of the United States Laboratory (USL) module of the International Space Station has been completed. A major conclusion was that one of the most limited resources within the USL will be crew time. A laboratory robot would alleviate these constraints, improve safety, and reduce operational costs. A laboratory experiment manipulator system (LEMS) is proposed, made up of an on-board mobile manipulator and a computer-assisted operator control station. The on-board manipulator concept was tested with an Intelledex 660 industrial robot. Operator joystick command capability and delayed video feedback were added to simulate a Space Station Teleoperation system. The implementation of a unique predictive display was chosen for further evaluation because of its promise as a partial solution to the classical problem of robot remote control in the presence of time delay. The incorporation of various correction factors to calibrate the robot predictor model, including geometric distortion and spherical aberration caused by the video optics, is described.     

面向中末交接班的临近空间拦截弹弹道优化

针对反高超声速目标拦截弹中末制导交接班窗口小、变化快引起的交接班难题,设计了带终端位置和速度指向约束的拦截弹中制导弹道。首先,考虑交接班时间、动压、热流、过载、控制量以及终端弹道倾角等约束,建立了拦截弹纵向平面中制导弹道优化模型;其次,构建了中制导段的弹目拦截几何,提出了能量受限的侧窗探测拦截弹中末制导交接班窗口概念,并将其作为拦截弹中制导段弹道设计的终端约束条件;然后,基于hp自适应网格细化方法设计了面向中末交接班的优化弹道。仿真结果表明,所构建的中末制导交接班窗口条件完备有效,能较好描述中制导末端约束条件,所设计的优化算法收敛速度快、求解精度高。另外,通过仿真提出了临近空间拦截弹宜采用背风探测的交接班方案。