Optimal interplanetary rendezvous combining electric sail and high thrust propulsion system

The aim of this paper is to study, from a mission analysis point of view, the performance of a hybrid propulsion concept for a two-dimensional transfer towards a planet of the Solar System. The propulsion system is obtained by combining a chemical thruster, used for the phases of Earth escape and/or target planet capture, with an electric sail, which provides a continuous thrust during the heliocentric transfer. Two possible mission scenarios are investigated: in the first case the sailcraft reaches the target planet with zero hyperbolic excess velocity, thus performing a classical rendezvous mission in a heliocentric framework. In the second mission scenario, a given final hyperbolic excess velocity relative to the planet is tolerated in order to decrease the mission flight time. The amount of final hyperbolic excess velocity is used as a simulation parameter for a tradeoff study in which the minimum flight time is related to the total velocity variation required by the chemical thruster to accomplish the mission, that is, for Earth escape and planetary capture.     

遗传算法在航天器最优交会中的应用研究

针对航天器的最优交会问题 ,推导了航天器双冲量交会时的特征速度 ,以此为基础构造了以能量和时间为指标时的最优交会指标 ,并设计了与之相应的遗传算法。最后 ,对共面圆轨道双冲量交会情况进行了仿真计算 ,仿真结果表明 ,遗传算法的设计是成功的。     

气动辅助空间交会最优轨道设计与闭环导引律

给出了同平面HEO-LEO实现空间交会的必要条件;研究了基于气动辅助轨道转移技术实现同平面HEO-LEO的空间交会方案,通过设计一条标准的同平面HEO-LEO气动辅助轨道转移的最优轨迹,得到了轨道转移飞行器(OTV)与目标实现交会必须满足的标准相角;最后对大气飞行段设计了非线性最优闭环导引律,通过引入Lyapunov最陡下降函数,对函数中相应参数进行适当调整,使应用闭环导引律得到的大气内飞行轨迹与最优轨迹充分接近,仿真结果表明该气动辅助空间交会方法正确、可行。     

大范围轨道机动的燃料消耗优化方法

针对航天器大范围轨道交会提出了二冲量燃料最省机动方案的数值寻优算法及多冲量机动方案的啸声境遗传算法.利用共面圆\椭圆轨道间的转移实例对两种算法正确小生境遗传算法.利用共面圆\椭圆轨道间的转移实例对两种算法正确性进行了验证,通过仿真实验,比较了大范围交会轨道机动中不同冲量次数对总燃料消耗的影响,分析得出了非共面轨道交会机动时燃料最省的指导性方案.     

同平面LEO-LEO气动辅助空间交会

给出了实现同平面LEO-LEO空间交会的必要条件，分析了基于脉冲的主动调相方法，并重点研究了基于气动辅助轨道转移技术实现同平面LEO—LEO的空间交会方案。通过设计标准的同平面HEO—LEO气动辅助轨道转移最优轨迹，得到OTV与目标实现交会必须满足的标准相角，然后采用主动调相法使飞行器运行到高轨道时，恰好满足HEO—LEO气动辅助空间交会的标准相角，最后借助气动辅助轨道转移技术实现空间交会。该方法具有扩大发射窗口，且比基于脉冲主动调相法节省燃料等优点。     

NanoSail-D: A solar sail demonstration mission

In the early to mid-2000s, NASA made substantial progress in the development of solar sail propulsion systems. Solar sail propulsion uses the solar radiation pressure exerted by the momentum transfer of reflected photons to generate a net force on a spacecraft. To date, solar sail propulsion systems were designed for large robotic spacecraft. Recently, however, NASA has been investigating the application of solar sails for small satellite propulsion. The NanoSail-D is a subscale solar sail system designed for possible small spacecraft applications. The NanoSail-D mission flew on board the ill-fated Falcon Rocket launched August 2, 2008, and due to the failure of that rocket, never achieved orbit. The NanoSail-D flight spare is ready for flight and a suitable launch arrangement is being actively pursued. This paper will present an introduction solar sail propulsion systems and an overview of the NanoSail-D spacecraft.     

小行星探测最优两脉冲交会轨道设计与分析

小行星探测已经成为新世纪深空探测的一个新热点和未来世界航天发展的一个新方向。转移轨道的设计和探测目标可接近性的分析是小行星探测的关键技术之一。现利用了任意两个非共面非共轴椭圆轨道之间的最优两脉冲转移方法，对我国提出的探测Ivar小行星的交会转移轨道进行了设计与分析，给出了全局最优两脉冲交会轨道的设计参数，并利用此方法对近地小行星的可接近性进行了分析和排序，给出了可接近性较好的40颗近地小行星的转移轨道设计参数。这些研究结果对于近地小行星探测任务的目标选择和发射机会的预测都有重要的参考价值。     

Optimization of the Flight of a Spacecraft with a Solar Sail from the Earth to Mars with a Perturbation Maneuver near Venus

The trajectories of the fastest flight of a spacecraft (SC) with a solar sail from the Earth's sphere of activity to the Martian sphere of activity including the section of a perturbation maneuver near Venus are investigated. The planetary spheres of activity are assumed to be point-like; i.e., the maneuver section and the initial and final positions of the SC coincide with the corresponding positions of the planets. The initial velocity of the SC is assumed to be equal to the Earth's velocity, so that no leveling of the velocities of the SC and Mars in the final point of the flight is required. The perturbation maneuver is considered as a jump of the heliocentric velocity of the SC at the point of its contact with Venus, which does not change the magnitude of its Venus-centric velocity. The orbits of planets are assumed to be circular and coplanar; the SC trajectory lies at the plane of these orbits. The sail is planar with a specularly reflecting surface. The trajectories of optimum flights are determined as a result of solving the boundary value problem of the Pontryagin maximum principle. The families of solutions to this problem depending on the initial angular positions of Venus and Mars are constructed by the method of continuation over a parameter.     

Qualitative Properties of Orbits for Minimum-Fuel Impulsive Transfers between Circular Coplanar Orbits with a Given Launch Time

The coplanar problem of minimizing propellant consumption in impulsive transfer between circular boundary orbits is investigated. The launch time and the initial configuration of objects on the boundary orbits are specified arbitrarily. The qualitative properties of optimal two-impulse trajectories and their optimality in the class of multi-impulse transfers are studied.     

气动-引力辅助转移轨道研究及在星际探测中的应用

借力飞行是减小星际探测任务发射能量和总的速度增量的有效途径,然而,借力飞行前后,探测器速度矢量转角的变化往往受到借力星体体积、质量等因素的影响,而不能达到理想的要求。若在借力飞行中引入气动辅助变轨,即气动-引力辅助转移(AGA),则这一问题可以得到有效解决。现通过对AGA转移轨道的分析,给出了AGA转移轨道设计的拼接条件,此拼接条件是对AGA转移轨道进行设计和分析的重要准则。同时还以探测Ivar小行星为例,提出了一种将绘制等高线图和圆锥曲线拼接相结合的设计AGA转移轨道的方法,并给出了设计探测Ivar小行星转移轨道的参数。数值计算表明:AGA转移方法不但可以降低远程星际探测任务的发射能量和总的速度增量,而且可以找到更多的探测机会。     

One optimization problem for trajectories of spacecraft rendezvous mission to a group of asteroids

The optimization problem is considered for the trajectory of a spacecraft mission to a group of asteroids. The ratio of the final spacecraft mass to the flight time is maximized. The spacecraft is controlled by changing the value and direction of the jet engine thrust (small thrust). The motion of the Earth, asteroids, and the spacecraft proceeds in the central Newtonian gravitational field of the Sun. The Earth and asteroids are considered as point objects moving in preset elliptical orbits. The spacecraft departure from the Earth is considered in the context of the method of a point-like sphere of action, and the excess of hyperbolic velocity is limited. It is required sequentially to have a rendezvous with asteroids from four various groups, one from each group; it is necessary to be on the first three asteroids for no less than 90 days. The trajectory is finished by arrival at the last asteroid. Constraints on the time of departure from the Earth, flight duration, and final mass are taken into account in this problem.     

最优双冲量交会问题的数学建模与数值求解

基于普适变量法研究了两个共面轨道的最优双冲量交会问题。具体地,基于求解Lambert问题的普适变量法,在将给定时间段划分初始飘移阶段、轨 道转移阶段与终端停泊阶段的前提下,对两圆轨道及两拱线相同的椭圆轨道的最优双冲量交 会问题分别进行了优化数学建模,并利用数学软件Lingo进行了数值求解。数值结果表明,划分给定时间段可以得到更优解。
     

近地星座异面遍历交会轨道全局优化

根据J 2摄动对轨道面的长期影响规律，提出了一种在近地低轨道星座卫星之间进行异面轨道交会的解析近似方法，并用于建立多星多约束遍历交会的混合整数规划模型，能够快速获得多星交会次序、交会时刻的最优解。仿真算例表明提出的方法适用于在轨服务、构型重建等类型任务的快速优化，计算速度和燃料消耗优于以往类似算法。     

多约束交会对接发射窗口的分析和规划

针对交会对接任务对发射窗口的轨道日照角、光学导航测量设备阳光抑制角和轨道共面等多项约束,建立了交会对接发射窗口计算数学模型,给出了交会对接发射窗口计算方法与流程,分析了各种约束对交会对接发射窗口的影响。计算并构建了交会对接任务目标飞行器和追踪飞行器的年度日照发射窗口集合。按照2种任务规划思路分别给出了确定目标飞行器和追踪飞行器年度共面窗口集合的方法,为多约束交会对接年度发射窗口的日窗口和时刻窗口的分析和规划提供了清晰的结果。仿真结果验证了交会对接年度发射窗口集合的正确性和有效性,模型、方法和结果可作为交会对接任务发射窗口分析和规划的依据。
     

航天器交会对接发射时间的选择与确定

在航天器交会对接飞行试验中,追踪飞船与目标飞船发射时间的选择不是独立的,而是相互关联的,并且涉及多方面因素,如轨道共面要求、对太阳电池帆板的日照角限制以及最终平移段目标飞船的照明需求等。综合考虑这些约束条件,提出追踪飞船与目标飞船发射时间选择与确定的方法,并以图表形式给出许多模拟计算结果,对航天器交会对接设计与飞行试验具有应用价值。     

Evolution of the Orbit of an Earth Satellite with a Solar Sail

The efficiency of using the light pressure of solar radiation for increasing the semimajor axis of the orbit of an Earth Satellite carrying a solar sail is estimated. The orbit is nearly circular and has an altitude of about 900 km. The satellite is in the mode of single-axis solar orientation: it rotates at an angular velocity of 1 deg/s around the axis of symmetry, which traces the direction to the Sun. This mode is maintained by the solar sail, which serves in this case as a solar stabilizer. The following method of increasing the semimajor axis of the orbit (which is equivalent to increasing the total energy of the satellite's orbital motion) is considered. On those sections of the orbit, where the angle between the light pressure force acting upon the sail and the vector of geocentric velocity of the satellite does not exceed a specified limit, the sail is functioning as a solar stabilizer. On those sections of the orbit, where the above-indicated angle exceeds this limit, the sail is furled by way of turning the edges of the petals towards the Sun. Such a control increases the semimajor axis by more than 150 km for three months of flight. In this case, the accuracy of solar orientation decreases insignificantly.     

Optimal flights to near-Earth asteroid

The spacecraft flights to the Near-Earth asteroid in order to give an impact influence on the asteroid, correct its orbit and prevent the asteroid’s collision with the Earth are analyzed.In the first part, the impulse flights are analyzed in the Lambert approach. There are determined the optimal trajectories maximizing the asteroid deviation from the Earth.In the second part, the flights with the chemical and electric-jet engines are analyzed. The high thrust is used to launch the spacecraft from the geocentric orbit, and the low thrust is applied for the heliocentric motion. On the base of optimal impulse transfer, the optimal low thrust trajectories are determined using Pontryagin maximum principle.The numerical results are given for the flight to the asteroid Toutatis. Parameters of the spacecraft impact on the asteroid are determined. The asteroid deviation from the Earth caused by the spacecraft influence is presented.     

面向木星卫星交会任务的探测器飞行路径规划

针对探测器在木星系统内多次借力的飞行路径和轨道优化设计问题,提出了一种基于三层优化思想的飞行路径规划方法,该方法可根据给定的任务约束和交会目标,自动搜索探测器在木星系统内的借力飞行序列,同时完成标称飞行轨道的优化设计。首先,文章在给定轨道动力学模型和木卫借力模型基础上,建立了面向木卫交会任务的两次借力飞行轨道优化设计模型和求解方法;然后,采用结合遗传算法、全局遍历和贪婪算法的三层优化设计思路,给出了一种环木飞行路径规划方法;最后,以木星四颗卫星的交会任务为例进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明：针对木卫的交会任务,探测器速度增量需求随木卫借力次数的增多,呈现先显著减小后逐渐增大的现象;探测器采用多次木卫借力的策略,可显著降低探测器的速度增量需求;探测器速度增量达到最优之后,借力目标收敛于交会目标,且速度增量随借力次数的进一步增多而逐渐增大。     

Rosetta: The ESA comet rendezvous mission

Rosetta was selected in November 1993 for the ESA Cornerstone 3 mission, to be launched in 2003, dedicated to the exploration of the small bodies of the solar system (asteroids and comets). Following this selection, the Rosetta mission and its spacecraft have been completely reviewed: this paper presents the studies performed the proposed mission and the resulting spacecraft design.

Three mission opportunities have been identified in 2003–2004, allowing rendezvous with a comet. From a single Ariane 5 launch, the transfer to the comet orbit will be supported by planetary gravity assists (two from Earth, one from Venus or Mars); during the transfer sequence, two asteroid fly-bys will occur, allowing first mission science phases. The comet rendezvous will occur 8–9 years after launch; Rosetta will orbit around the comet and the main science mission phase will take place up to the comet perihelion (1–2 years duration).

The spacecraft design is driven (i) by the communication scenario with the Earth and its equipment, (ii) by the autonomy requirements for the long cruise phases which are not supported by the ground stations, (iii) by the solar cells solar array for the electrical power supply and (iv) by the navigation scenario and sensors for cruise, target approach and rendezvous phases. These requirements will be developed and the satellite design will be presented.