美、俄航天器与"国际空间站"交会的轨道分析

发射航天器与"国际空间站"进行交会对接是美国和俄罗斯两国常规性的航天活动,在每次这类飞行的全过程中因特网的有关网站都将北美航天防空司令部(NORAD)追踪测量得到的航天器的轨道根数予以公布。据此对2005年7月美国航天飞机与"国际空间站"的交会对接以及2006年3-4月俄罗斯的联盟TMA-8载人飞船与"国际空间站"的交会对接过程的轨道进行了分析。     

航天器交会对接发射窗口分析

分析了交会对接任务中航天器受到的主要约束条件,将约束条件与发射时间相关联,建立了交会对接任务中发射时间求解的数学模型,设计了发射窗口的求解方法,得到了满足各项约束条件的交会对接发射窗口,并进一步对交会对接任务目标航天器初始轨道对发射窗口的影响进行了分析。
     

苍穹飞吻——空间交会与对接

中国首次空间交会对接任务已进入发射实施阶段,在先后发射天宫一号目标飞行器和神舟八号飞船后,中国还将发射神舟九号、神舟十号飞船,继续实施空间交会对接飞行任务,并将在2020年建造长期载人空间站。本刊特编撰＂空间交会与对接＂专题,以飨读者。     

自主交会对接若干问题

自主交会对接是交会对接技术的发展趋势。本文首先介绍了国际上自主交会对接的研究概况，然后研究了假设目标航天器为刚体，运动在圆轨道或近圆轨道上，追踪航天器与目标航天器在近距离范围内实现自主交会对接的若干问题，即信息自主获取的测量技术，智能自主的控制技术和保证飞行状态及避免碰撞的人工智能技术。为实现自主交会对接，智能控制是非常重要的手段。     

美国的空间交会对接技术

为了给＂阿波罗＂登月计划作技术准备,美国研制和发射了＂双子星座＂系列两舱式飞船,用于突破和掌握太空行走和空间交会对接技术。1966年3月,美国＂双子星座＂8号飞船与由＂阿金纳＂火箭末级改装的目标航天器实现了世界上首次交会对接。1969年7月,美国＂阿波罗＂指令舱与登月舱实现了首次月球轨道人控交会对接。     

我国计划2011年发射“神八”和“神九”飞船

据新华网消息，全国政协委员、中国载人航天工程首任总设计师王永志3月6日透露，我国计划在2011年将连续发射神舟八号和神舟九号飞船，与2010年发射的天宫一号进行太空对接，天宫一号既是交会对接的目标飞行器，又是我国的第一个空间实验站。神舟八号为无人飞船，是太空交会对接的追踪飞行器。神舟九号也将与天宫一号进行交会对接，并计划再次搭载航天员飞天。     

舱门快速检漏仪

舱门快速检漏仪是执行交会对接任务的运输飞船和目标飞行器结构与机构分系统中的重要组成部分,它主要用于发射前航天员进舱后、飞船在轨飞行完成交会对接后以及航天员返回舱内关闭舱门后,对飞船舱门或者对接面的气密性进行检测,以判断舱门或者对接面是否密闭合格。由于舱门快速检漏仪的重要性以及工作环境的特殊性,国防科技工业真空一级计量站经过多年研究。     

发射短讯

<正>中国神舟-10载人飞船将发射并与天宫-1对接据人民网2013年3月4日消息,中国神舟-10飞船将于2013年6—8月在酒泉卫星发射中心择机发射,3名航天员驾乘飞船与在轨运行的天宫-1目标飞行器进行载人交会对接。神舟-10的主要使命是进行载人天地往返运输系统的首次应用性飞行,并为天宫-1目标飞行器运送人员和部分物资。神舟-10和天宫-1的交会对接,标志着我国将拥有一     

苏联/俄罗斯的空间交会对接技术

目前,在世界空间交会对接技术领域处于领先地位的是俄罗斯和美国。苏联/俄罗斯是世界上进行航天器空间交会对接最多的国家,其对接形式也多种多样,有无人飞船与无人飞船的对接,有载人飞船、无人飞船与空间站的对接,以及空间站模块舱间的交会对接和组装等。苏联/俄罗斯在航天器的空间交会对接中积累了丰富的成功经验,也有不少失败的教训,很值得借鉴。     

一种基于空空链路的双目标中继信息流设计方法

与近地轨道交会对接相比,无人月球轨道交会对接由于其月球空间环境和测控资源的限制,对系统的自主性、快速性和鲁棒性都有较高要求。文章从信息流设计角度出发,提出了一种以空空通信链路为基础,构建地面站、目标航天器、追踪航天器的双目标中继通信链路平台,设计了一种支持上下行通路双向自由传输的空空通信方案,通过目标航天器、追踪航天器中的任一航天器,均能实现两航天器上下行数据的自由传输,以提高月球轨道交会对接期间航天器与地面站上下行测控链路的灵活性和鲁棒性。     

Short profile for the human spacecraft Soyuz-TMA rendezvous mission to the ISS

Reduction of flight duration after insertion till docking to the ISS is considered. In the beginning of the human flight era both the USSR and the USA used short mission profiles due to limited life support resources. A rendezvous during these missions was usually achieved in 1–5 revolutions. The short-term rendezvous were made possible by the coordinated launch profiles of both rendezvousing spacecraft, which provided specific relative position of the spacecraft or phase angle conditions. After the beginning of regular flights to the orbital stations these requirements became difficult to fulfill. That is why it was decided to transfer to 1- or 2-day rendezvous profile. The long stay of a crew in a limited habitation volume of the Soyuz-TMA spacecraft before docking to the ISS is one of the most strained parts of the flight and naturally cosmonauts wish to dock to the ISS as soon as possible. As a result of previous studies the short four-burn rendezvous mission profile with docking in a few orbits was developed. It is shown that the current capabilities of the Soyuz-FG launch vehicle and the Soyuz-TMA spacecraft are sufficient to provide for that. The first test of the short rendezvous mission during Progress cargo vehicle flight to the ISS is planned for 2012. Possible contingencies pertinent to this profile are described. In particular, in the majority of the emergency cases there is a possibility of an urgent transfer to the present 2-day rendezvous profile. Thus, the short mission will be very flexible and will not influence the ISS mission plan. Fuel consumption for the nominal and emergency cases is defined by statistical simulation of the rendezvous mission. The qualitative analysis of the short-term and current 2-day rendezvous missions is performed.     

Usage of pre-flight data in short rendezvous mission of Soyuz-TMA spacecrafts

The paper describes the reduction of the vehicle autonomous flight duration before docking to the ISS. The Russian Soyuz-TMA spacecraft dock to the ISS two days after launch. Due to the limited volume inside Soyuz-TMA the reduction of time until docking to the ISS is very important, since the long stay of the cosmonauts in the limited volume adds to the strain of the space flight. In the previous papers of the authors it was shown that the existing capabilities of Soyuz-TMA, the ISS and the ground control loop make it possible to transfer to the five-orbit rendezvous profile. However, the analysis of the cosmonauts' schedule on the launch day shows that its duration is at the allowable limit and that is why it is necessary to find a way to further reduce the flight duration of Soyuz-TMA before docking to less than five orbits. In a traditional rendezvous profile, the calculation of rendezvous burns begins only after determination of the actual vehicle insertion orbit. The paper describes an approach in which the first two rendezvous burns are performed as soon as the spacecraft reaches the reference orbit and the values of the burns are calculated prior to the launch based on the pre-flight data for the nominal insertion. This approach decreases the duration of the rendezvous by one orbit. The demonstration flight of a Progress vehicle using the proposed profile was implemented on August 1, 2012 and completely confirmed the correctness of the imbedded principles. The paper considers the possible improvements of the proposed approach and recovery from the contingencies.     

航天器空运包装箱的研制及其运输试验评价

目前,国内航天器空中运输方式已经在逐步替代传统的铁路运输方式,采用空中运输方式具有时间短、外部环境好等优势。基于某型号自主研制的新型航天器空运包装箱,文章介绍了该包装箱的设计研制特点和空运试验的测试结果。结果表明空运包装箱满足航天器的安全运输要求,也证明了包装箱设计的合理性。     

面向木星卫星交会任务的探测器飞行路径规划

针对探测器在木星系统内多次借力的飞行路径和轨道优化设计问题,提出了一种基于三层优化思想的飞行路径规划方法,该方法可根据给定的任务约束和交会目标,自动搜索探测器在木星系统内的借力飞行序列,同时完成标称飞行轨道的优化设计。首先,文章在给定轨道动力学模型和木卫借力模型基础上,建立了面向木卫交会任务的两次借力飞行轨道优化设计模型和求解方法;然后,采用结合遗传算法、全局遍历和贪婪算法的三层优化设计思路,给出了一种环木飞行路径规划方法;最后,以木星四颗卫星的交会任务为例进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明：针对木卫的交会任务,探测器速度增量需求随木卫借力次数的增多,呈现先显著减小后逐渐增大的现象;探测器采用多次木卫借力的策略,可显著降低探测器的速度增量需求;探测器速度增量达到最优之后,借力目标收敛于交会目标,且速度增量随借力次数的进一步增多而逐渐增大。     

多约束交会对接发射窗口的分析和规划

针对交会对接任务对发射窗口的轨道日照角、光学导航测量设备阳光抑制角和轨道共面等多项约束,建立了交会对接发射窗口计算数学模型,给出了交会对接发射窗口计算方法与流程,分析了各种约束对交会对接发射窗口的影响。计算并构建了交会对接任务目标飞行器和追踪飞行器的年度日照发射窗口集合。按照2种任务规划思路分别给出了确定目标飞行器和追踪飞行器年度共面窗口集合的方法,为多约束交会对接年度发射窗口的日窗口和时刻窗口的分析和规划提供了清晰的结果。仿真结果验证了交会对接年度发射窗口集合的正确性和有效性,模型、方法和结果可作为交会对接任务发射窗口分析和规划的依据。
     

Rosetta: The ESA comet rendezvous mission

Rosetta was selected in November 1993 for the ESA Cornerstone 3 mission, to be launched in 2003, dedicated to the exploration of the small bodies of the solar system (asteroids and comets). Following this selection, the Rosetta mission and its spacecraft have been completely reviewed: this paper presents the studies performed the proposed mission and the resulting spacecraft design.

Three mission opportunities have been identified in 2003–2004, allowing rendezvous with a comet. From a single Ariane 5 launch, the transfer to the comet orbit will be supported by planetary gravity assists (two from Earth, one from Venus or Mars); during the transfer sequence, two asteroid fly-bys will occur, allowing first mission science phases. The comet rendezvous will occur 8–9 years after launch; Rosetta will orbit around the comet and the main science mission phase will take place up to the comet perihelion (1–2 years duration).

The spacecraft design is driven (i) by the communication scenario with the Earth and its equipment, (ii) by the autonomy requirements for the long cruise phases which are not supported by the ground stations, (iii) by the solar cells solar array for the electrical power supply and (iv) by the navigation scenario and sensors for cruise, target approach and rendezvous phases. These requirements will be developed and the satellite design will be presented.     

Fast solar sail rendezvous mission to near Earth asteroids

The concept of fast solar sail rendezvous missions to near Earth asteroids is presented by considering the hyperbolic launch excess velocity as a design parameter. After introducing an initial constraint on the hyperbolic excess velocity, a time optimal control framework is derived and solved by using an indirect method. The coplanar circular orbit rendezvous scenario is investigated first to evaluate the variational trend of the transfer time with respect to different hyperbolic excess velocities and solar sail characteristic accelerations. The influence of the asteroid orbital inclination and eccentricity on the transfer time is studied in a parametric way. The optimal direction and magnitude of the hyperbolic excess velocity are identified via numerical simulations. The found results for coplanar circular scenarios are compared in terms of fuel consumption to the corresponding bi-impulsive transfer of the same flight time, but without using a solar sail. The fuel consumption tradeoff between the required hyperbolic excess velocity and the achievable flight time is discussed. The required total launch mass for a particular solar sail is derived in analytical form. A practical mission application is proposed to rendezvous with the asteroid 99942 Apophis by using a solar sail in combination with the provided hyperbolic excess velocity.     

Missions to the asteroid anteros and the space of true anomalies

Three opportunities for missions to rendezvous ballistically with the Earth-crossing asteroid Anteros are studied to illustrate the requirements for a trip to a near-Earth minor planet. The rationale, sample payload, spacecraft requirements and trajectory characteristics of these opportunities are typical of a rendezvous mission to an accessible near-Earth object. Round trip ballistic trajectories to return small samples of the asteroid with launch dates between 1985 and 2000 are also presented. Contours of minimum total ΔV drawn in the space of launch and arrival true anomalies, given the designation Prime Rib curves, are introduced as a useful tool for mission design.     

Opportunity options for rendezvous,flyby and sample return mission to different spectral-type asteroids for the 2015–2025

The feasible rendezvous, flyby and sample return mission scenario to different spectral-type asteroids for the 2015–2025 are investigated. The emphasis is put on the potential target selection and the design of preliminary interplanetary transfer trajectory in this paper. First, according to different scientific motivations, some potential targets with different spectral-type and physical property are selected. Then, some optimal rendezvous and sample return opportunities for different spectral-type asteroids are presented by using pork-chop plots method and Sequential Quadratic-Programming (SQP) algorithm. In order to reduce the launch energy and total velocity increments for sample return mission, the Earth swingby strategy is used. In addition, the feasible trajectory profiles of flyby and rendezvous with two different spectral-type asteroids in one mission are discussed. A hybrid optimization method combing the Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm and SQP algorithm is introduced as a trajectory design method for the mission. Finally, some important parameters of transfer trajectory are analyzed, which would have a direct impact on the design of spacecraft subsystem, such as communication, power and thermal control subsystem.     

远程导引脉冲变轨方案的有限推力修正

对远程导引脉冲变轨方案的有限推力修正进行了研究。将多脉冲变轨方案设计结果转换为有限推力式并进行修正,以消除转换误差和摄动模型误差。分析了由转换算法和摄动模型产生的初值误差,比较了不同工况下的修正效果。算例表明:将初始多脉冲变轨方案转换为有限推力后进行修正,所得结果能实现真实飞行环境中追踪航天器对目标航天器的拦截或交会。