Numerical investigation on the shock wave transition in a three-dimensional scramjet isolator

The scramjet isolator, which is used to prevent the hypersonic inlet from disturbances that arise from the pressure rise in the scramjet combustor due to the intense turbulent combustion, is one of the most critical components in hypersonic airbreathing propulsion systems. Any engineering error that is possible in the design and manufacturing procedure of the experimental model, and the intense heat release in the scramjet combustor, may cause the performance of the isolator to decrease, leading to its lack of capability in supporting the back pressure. The coupled implicit Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and the two-equation standard k?ε turbulent model have been employed to numerically simulate the flow fields in a three-dimensional scramjet isolator. The effects of the divergent angle and the back pressure on the shock wave transition and the location of the leading edge of the shock wave train have been estimated and discussed. The obtained results show that the present numerical results are in very good agreement with the available experimental shadow-pictures, and the numerical method is more suitable for capturing the shock wave train and predicting the location of the leading edge of the shock wave train in the scramjet isolator than the present two-dimensional numerical methods. This is due to the small width-to-height ratio of the isolator and the intense three-dimensional flow structures. On increasing the divergent angle of the scramjet isolator, the static pressure along the central symmetrical line of the isolator decreases sharply. This is due to the strong expansion wave generated at the entrance of the isolator, and when the divergent angle of the isolator is sufficiently large, namely 1.5°, a zone of negative pressure is formed just ahead of the leading edge of the shock wave train. At the same time, the shock wave train varies from being oblique to being normal, and then back to oblique. With an increase in the prescribed back pressure at the exit of the scramjet isolator, the leading edge of the shock wave train moves forward towards the entrance of the isolator, and when the back pressure is sufficiently large, unstart conditions in the hypersonic inlet can take place if the shock train reaches the inlet.     

Numerical investigation on hydrogen combustion in a scramjet with 3D sidewall compression inlet

Numerical simulations were employed to analyze the flowfield of a scramjet with three-dimensional (3D) sidewall compression inlet, and the effect of inlet distortion on the mixing and combustion process was examined. The numerical approach solved the compressible Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations supplemented with a finite rate chemical reacting model for the combustion of hydrogen fuel and air. Turbulence closure was achieved using Menter shear-stress transport (SST) model. To verify the accuracy of the simulation, the computed wall pressure was compared with the experimental data of the direct-connect combustor test. The metrics employed in the simulations included qualitative assessments related to flow structure as well as quantitative values of fuel mixing efficiency, combustion efficiency and static pressure distribution. Intake sidewalls were found to strongly affect the inlet flow structure, which became more complex in the nonuniform flowfield. The shock train system affected the combustion region located upstream of the injection and led to pairs of asymmetric separation bubbles. Nevertheless, the shock train system dissipated due to the reactions, the combustion patterns of each fuel jets in downstream region were nearly identical, and the degree of improvement of mixing and combustion efficiency near the downstream injectors was less than that near the upstream injectors.     

超燃冲压发动机隔离段内附面层/激波串相互干扰研究

隔离段内激波串的产生和发展以及激波/附面层相互干扰现象是极为复杂的,有效地进行激波串的组织是研究隔离段的关键所在,而其性能的好坏直接影响着超燃冲压发动机的性能。采用数值模拟的方法对不同来流附面层厚度工况的二维轴对称隔离段内流场流动特性进行了数值计算,分析了附面层/激波相互作用机理和附面层对隔离段激波串及隔离段性能的影响。结构表明:压缩-膨胀-再压缩-再膨胀……的气流流动挤压过程导致激波串的形成,逆压梯度的存在构成了附面层分离;附面层厚度的增加影响着激波串起始位置和结构;随着附面层厚度的增加,出口总压恢复系数和质量平均马赫数降低,且随着反压增大,变化趋势趋于明显。     

Numerical validation and parametric investigation on the cold flow field of a typical cavity-based scramjet combustor

The three-dimensional coupled implicit Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and the two equation standard k–ε turbulence model has been employed to numerically simulate the cold flow field in a typical cavity-based scramjet combustor. The numerical results show reasonable agreement with the schlieren photograph and the pressure distribution available in the open literature. The pressure distribution after the first pressure rise is under-predicted. There are five shock waves existing in the cold flow field of the referenced combustor. The first and second pressure rises on the upper wall of the combustor are predicted accurately with the medium grid. The other three shock waves occur in the core flow of the combustor. The location of the pressure rise due to these three shock waves could not be predicted accurately due to the presence of recirculation zone downstream of the small step. Further, the effect of length-to-depth ratio of the cavity and the back pressure on the wave structure in the combustor has been investigated. The obtained results show that there is an optimal length-to-depth ratio for the cavity to restrict the movement of the shock wave train in the flow field of the scramjet combustor. The low velocity region in the cavity affects the downstream flow field for low back pressure. The intensity of the shock wave generated at the exit of the isolator depends on the back pressure at the exit of the combustor and this in turn affects the pressure distribution on the upper wall of the combustor.     

凹腔超声速燃烧室氢气燃烧流场数值模拟

对带长深比为10的凹腔结构的燃烧室二维氢燃烧流场进行数值模拟,燃料喷注方式采用凹腔上游喷注加辅加凹腔前壁、底壁、后壁喷注。采用三阶MUSCL格式求解二维含组分守恒N-S方程组,湍流模型采用剪切修正的RNGk-ε湍流模型,对喷氢燃烧工况进行了计算研究,并分别分析了凹腔中不同燃料喷注方式对燃烧特性的影响。结果表明：凹腔是火焰驻留的主要区域;凹腔上游喷注氢,可以使燃料在凹腔中混合燃烧,辅加凹腔中喷氢的三种方式对燃烧状况产生一定的影响。在凹腔前壁、底面辅加喷氢,没有增强凹腔的稳焰特性,对整个燃烧状态影响不大;在凹腔后壁喷氢,能够增加凹腔中的燃料含量,加强了回流效果,对燃烧状态影响较大。三种喷注方式都没有从根本上改变凹腔燃烧流场的特性。     

斜激波串与上游激波干扰特性试验研究

为研究斜激波串在背压条件下前移与上游激波相互干扰的流场结构和运动规律，在来流为马赫数 2.7 的直管道内设计一种等宽度斜楔，采用动态压力测量、高速纹影和粒子图像测速(PIV)技术等手段进行了试验。研究结果表明：内置斜楔在管道内产生入射激波、分离激波、膨胀波、再附激波和激波诱导分离等复杂上游激波流场，在分离区附近形成有顺压梯度和逆压梯度的区域。当增大下游压比时，斜激波串逐渐向上游激波流场移动；经过斜楔产生的分离区时，斜激波串的移动速度急剧提升，同时出现非对称分离偏转方向的切换。对比了三种长度尺寸的等楔角斜楔所产生的上游激波流场的差异性，发现在相同的斜楔前缘起始点和楔角时，随着斜楔长度的增加，上游激波流场中激波诱导的分离尺度逐渐变大。     

设计参数对幂次乘波体纵向静稳定性的影响

为实现幂次乘波体的纵向静稳定设计，对幂次体激波面后流线的“凹凸”特性与设计参数之间的关系进行了研究，并以此为依据，通过数值计算的方法得到了设计参数与幂次乘波体纵向静稳定性之间的关系。结果表明：幂次体激波面后的流线由“内凹”和“外凸”两部分组成；设计参数c越大、n越小、设计Ma越大、前缘点布置的越靠前以及乘波体长度L越长，流线的“外凸”段所占比例越大，由此得到的幂次乘波体纵向也就越稳定；此外，在其他设计参数确定的情形下，前缘线形状的改变并不影响乘波体的纵向静稳定性。     

壁面孔型对超声速气流中喷注特性的影响

超声速气流中,燃料与来流空气的高效混合是燃烧室实现点火、稳焰及高效燃烧组织的前提。国内外研究者已对比研究了不同壁面孔型对超声速气流中喷注、混合特性的影响,相比于最常见的圆形喷孔,菱形、楔形-半圆、箭形及针形等喷孔用于超声速气流燃料喷注时,不仅有利于降低喷孔前缘边界层的分离,而且也有利于提升射流穿透深度;相比于单孔喷注,组合型喷孔能进一步增强燃料与来流空气在射流远场的混合效果。通过综述各型喷孔的喷注特性,分析提出了适用于超声速燃烧组织的壁面喷注孔型及其工程应用条件。     

Experimental study of a flush wall scramjet combustor equipped with strut/wall fuel injection

In this study a flush wall scramjet combustor is tested in a supersonic incoming air flow with the Mach number of 3 which is generated by an air vitiation heater producing the stagnation temperature of 1505 K. Using liquid kerosene as the fuel, the flame is stabilized by means of a centrally mounted O₂ pilot strut after being ignited by a plasma torch. During experimental measurements, the fuel is injected with a constant equivalence ratio of 0.8 according to specified strut/wall injection ratios, i.e., a portion of the fuel amount is injected from the strut while the rest is injected from the wall. The strut and wall injectors are arranged at the same axial position. The combustion performance and wall temperature gradients are evaluated with various fuel feeding ratios between the wall and the strut. Experimental results show, when the equivalence ratio is constant and the axial injection position is fixed, the combustion characteristics vary significantly with the strut/wall fuel feeding ratio, especially when this ratio is close to its lowest and highest limits. Among the four fuel feeding ratios examined, the strut only injection mode and the average distributed strut/wall injection mode show the best combustion performance. However, the strut/wall injection mode produces a smaller wall temperature gradient compared to the strut only injection mode, which is due to the significant film cooling effect caused by the wall injected liquid kerosene.     

非对称来流下带后掠斜楔的短隔离段实验研究

为了提高超燃冲压发动机隔离段耐反压能力以及缩短其长度,在前期后掠斜楔数值研究基础上,设计了一种带后掠斜楔的隔离段,斜楔放置在隔离段进口的下壁面上,距隔离段进口长度约15%处,在非对称的隔离段进口来流速度为1.98马赫数的条件下完成吹风实验.实验结果表明,隔离段添加后掠斜楔后的最大承受反压从来流静压的3.55倍上升到3.90倍,提高了9.89%.相同反压下,带后掠斜楔的短隔离段长度缩短了15%.相同长度的带后掠斜楔的隔离段出口平均总压恢复系数由基准隔离段的0.694上升到0.710,提高了2.3%.     

双模态冲压发动机燃烧室流场数值模拟研究

在三维、粘性、湍流及有化学反应的Navier-Stokes方程基础上，通过有限化学反应速率／涡扩散模型模化湍流燃烧，对以H2为燃料的双模态冲压发动机燃烧室流场进行了研究，分析了空燃比、燃料入射角、飞行马赫数对燃烧室工作模态的影响，并分析了燃烧室隔离段的作用。     

泡沫铝隔冲器设计及其对卫星可展开附件收拢状态力学特性的影响

文章针对泡沫铝隔冲器可能降低卫星可展开附件收拢状态的模态频率及放大振动响应等问题,首次提出一种基于表层填充J-133常温胶的开孔泡沫铝块的扁平式隔冲器,以某可展开数传天线为例开展泡沫铝隔冲器设计与分析,并进行了模态试验和振动试验验证。试验结果表明:所设计的泡沫铝隔冲器使可展开附件收拢状态前三阶模态频率降低不到2.5 Hz,而振动响应平均降低约30%。     

振动、冲击环境下支架减振器刚度优化设计

文章在某型号的电子设备支架减振器设计中,综合考虑了振动、冲击两种主要的力学环境.以减振器刚度为设计变量,将刚度的倒数作为目标函数,根据振动、冲击环境设计要求确定了约束条件,建立了减振器刚度优化的数学模型.采用ANSYS作为优化设计的平台,随机振动响应分析采用振型叠加法,冲击响应分析采用Newmark时间积分法,对该问题进行了优化求解,取得了满意的结果,为电子学系统的减振设计提供了依据.     

A normal space power? Understanding ‘security’ in Japan's space policy discourse

With the enactment of its ‘Basic Space Law’ in 2008, a significant shift occurred in Japan's space policy away from a narrowly circumscribed interpretation of the concept of space for ‘peaceful purposes’ to a broad understanding of space for ‘security’. Viewed in a global context, Japanese space policy appears symptomatic of a broadened and more malleable understanding of space for security purposes, as already advocated by several other leading spacefaring powers, and proponents of this understanding of space for security argue that this is consistent with international standards and the expectations of a ‘normal’ space power. By attempting to redefine understandings of ‘peace’ and ‘security’, however, the Basic Space Law and subsequent direction of Japanese space policy raise complex and ongoing issues over the interpretation of Japan's ‘Peace Constitution’. This article reviews policy and academic discussions of the recent evolution of Japanese space policy in this respect, arguing that greater emphasis on ‘security’ – understood in a deliberately broad sense in policy terms – has been key to articulating and justifying the reformulation and redirection of Japanese space policy, but that this also brings with it room for ambiguity over the exact nature of Japan's space ambitions at both national and regional levels.     

固体火箭发动机药柱裂纹腔内三维流场瞬态特性分析

以固体发动机药柱内存在的楔形裂纹为研究对象,采用三维流场控制方程,应用有限体积法计算了发动机点火启动阶段裂纹腔内的对流燃烧过程。在裂纹腔侧壁被点燃前,裂纹腔内的燃气压力基本呈均匀分布,且约等于燃烧室燃气压力;在裂纹腔侧壁被点燃后,燃气压力逐渐呈现出上部低、下部高的分布,且腔内平均压力远高于燃烧室内燃气压力;裂纹腔侧壁开口边缘处的推进剂首先达到点火温度开始燃烧,燃面迅速向内推进,燃气以非常高的速度向外流出裂纹腔。     

高温风洞收集口喷水降温数值仿真研究

针对高温风洞中扩压器前段壁面防热问题，提出对高温气流外缘喷水降温的方法。通过在收集器入口与喷管出口间安装喷水环，利用液态水汽化吸热对高温气流进行降温，使扩压器壁面形成低温保护层。为了解该方法降温效果，本文利用DPM、组分输运等模型的耦合建立了超声速两相流CFD模型，对向超声速热气流喷水进行降温的过程进行了数值计算，计算结果表明，扩压器启动后有显著的降温保护效果。同时，为探索风洞排气背压和喷水量对风洞流场和壁面降温效果的影响，通过计算得出了变排气背压、变喷水量与降温效果之间的关系，为高温风洞收集口喷水降温装置的优化设计提供了参考。     

某圆周缝型救生伞的充气性能研究

为获得新型圆周缝结构救生伞的充气性能,文章采用任意拉格朗日欧拉流固耦合方法对该救生伞进行了充气过程的数值模拟,用空投试验结果验证了该数值方法的可行性。数值结果得到了绕伞衣流场、伞衣外形、运动的动态信息,对数值结果的分析发现初始充气阶段后期流场对上部伞衣影响很大,为充气过程中上部伞衣的控制提供了依据,但是初始充气期救生伞的摆动角度小于充满期。对于结构透气量不对称设计的伞衣,不对称充气是绝对的,圆周缝会首先在结构透气量少的部位张开。结果表明,对不同的圆周缝节点设计不同的开缝力将有助于保持良好的对称充气状态,改变开缝力的设计参数将会改变圆周缝的开缝时间及圆周缝完全张开所需的时长,将达到更好的减载效果。研究结果对圆周缝型降落伞的优化设计有一定的参考作用。     

轴对称结构RBCC发动机超燃模态试验和数值模拟

为研究轴对称结构RBCC发动机超燃模态下的点火和燃烧性能,进行了地面直连试验。采用中心支板火箭与小支板组喷注相结合的方式作为点火和火焰稳定方式,并对燃料喷注方案进行了研究。试验与数值模拟结果表明,采用这种点火方式能实现轴对称结构RBCC发动机的可靠点火和稳定燃烧。二次燃料采取多级喷注的方式能充分利用流道中的氧气,实现较充分的燃烧,但应控制燃料喷注比例。双支板组的加入,能促进燃料与中心空气流的充分掺混,提升燃烧效率,获得较优的燃烧性能。     

隔离段对二维混压式进气道出口参数的影响

利用Fluent仿真软件,对二维混压式高超音速前体/进气道在设计状态和非设计状态下的性能和流场进行了计算。分析表明,进气道在设计状态下的性能得到了明显的提高。同时,有无隔离段以及隔离段长度对进气道出口参数的影响,文中进行了初步的分析,结果表明:有无隔离段以及隔离段长度对进气道出口总温没有太大的影响;隔离段较短时,进气道出口总压比无隔离段小,但当隔离段长度增大到一定值后,进气道出口总压比无隔离段大;隔离段较短时,进气道出口马赫数比无隔离段大,但当隔离段长度增大到一定值后,进气道出口马赫数比无隔离段小。     

Talking space: The European Commission's changing frames in defining Galileo

This paper traces the way in which the European Commission has framed and reframed the issue of EU satellite navigation over 20 years. It investigates how the EU's agenda-setter has ‘talked about’ space policy, with a particular focus on Galileo, and how its own institutional discourse – as revealed in its communications throughout the agenda-setting stage of Galileo's ‘definition’ phase – evolved in the 1990s through the use of ‘frame sets’. In so doing, it illustrates the ways in which, over time, the EU's executive has ‘projected’ the issue of independent satellite navigation capabilities as being politically and economically desirable for Europe, and has sought to persuade decision makers of its cross-policy relevance and potential economic, social and security benefits. The article deconstructs official documents and engages in a close-up analysis of policy formulation, to identify nascent, evolving and mature frames in the definition of Galileo.