共线平动点的动力学特征及其在深空探测中的应用

首先系统地阐述了限制性三体问题中共线平动点的动力学特征,给出了这类平动点附近的中心流形（周期轨道和拟周期轨道）及双曲流形（稳定与不稳定流形）的计算方法,并在限制性三体问题模型下给出了相应的数值算例。在此基础上,进一步探讨了将探测器定点在共线平动点附近的条件和相应的轨道控制问题以及如何利用共线平动点的不稳定性实现节能过渡问题,并在太阳系多天体引力模型下给出了一些算例。     

星历模型地月系统平动点拟周期轨道设计研究

为改进使用圆形限制性三体模型设计轨道时缺乏摄动分析的不足,提高轨道设计的精度,对星历模型地月系统平动点拟周期轨道设计方法进行了研究。在不设置假设条件的前提下,考虑月球真实轨道及地球、月球和太阳的影响,在地心J2000惯性坐标系中建立平动点附近航天器高精度的星历模型。以圆形限制性三体中的周期轨道作为迭代初值,用星历表数据对轨道进行拼接获得所需的拟周期轨道;用多步打靶法替代单步微分修正进行迭代,对轨道上各节点进行校正以获得所求的拟周期轨道,给出了轨道设计步骤。仿真结果表明:所提方法可有效获得地月系统平动点附近拟周期轨道,提供满足真实动力学环境的轨道,有效节约轨道保持所需的燃料。该方法有较大的工程应用价值。     

从地球到日-火系平动点轨道的转移

平动点轨道特殊的空间位置及动力学特征,使其在深空探测中具有重要的应用。以日-火系平动点轨道(Lissajous与Halo轨道)任务为目标,结合平动点轨道的不变流形理论,研究了小推力转移问题。首先给出了圆型限制性三体动力学模型下平动点附近不变流形(稳定和不稳定流形)高阶分析解以及相应的计算实例。接着以流形分析解为基础,建立了初始小推力轨道优化模型,并利用改进的协作进化算法求解初始小推力轨道。最后将初始轨道离散,采用多点打靶法将最优控制问题转化为参数优化问题,并用序列二次规划方法(SQP)求解。仿真结果证明轨道设计方法的有效性。     

圆型限制性三体问题相对运动解析研究

针对圆型限制性三体问题共线平动点附近周期/拟周期轨道下的相对运动问题，提出一种新的、通用的解析研究方法。在周期/拟周期轨道近似解析解的基础上，结合微分修正方法，获得了精确的周期/拟周期轨道。对周期/拟周期轨道的单值矩阵进行分析，同时借鉴Floquet理论核心思想，建立了六个相对运动模态，并将相对运动表示为六个相对运动模态的线性组合，获得了相对运动的近似解析解。最后在地-月系统圆型限制性三体问题下，以L1点作为研究对象，分别以Halo轨道、Lissajous轨道和Lyapunov轨道为参考轨道，对相对运动模态和相对运动进行仿真分析，说明了相对运动模态的正确性以及相对运动近似解析解的有效性。     

三角平动点附近高阶解在轨道位置保持中的应用

首先给出三角平动点附近的高阶解析解,并计算了三种特殊的运动类型。以日–地+月系三角平动点附近无长周期运动分量的拟周期轨道作为目标轨道,探讨轨道保持问题。针对三角平动点任务的轨道保持问题,我们研究了两种轨道保持策略,分别为多点打靶轨道保持与重构目标轨道的策略。计算中,将轨道控制问题转化为非线性规划问题,并以优化方法求解。仿真表明优化方法在轨道保持问题求解方面非常有效。     

利用太阳帆定点探测器在地一月系共线平动点附近的探讨

共线平动点附近的运动仅仅是条件稳定的,探测器的轨道需要经过控制才能维持在其附近.以地-月系11点和12点附近大振幅晕轨道的控制为例,探讨了太阳帆在定点这类探测器中的应用.首先,考虑了月球轨道的偏心率和太阳辐射的影响,给出了太阳帆对日定向的探测器轨道的低阶分析解,并在此基础上构造了在太阳系真实引力模型下一段时间内维持在共线平动点附近的拟周期轨道.然后,给出了两种利用太阳帆的控制方案,一是固定面质比而改变太阳帆法线的方向,另一是固定太阳帆对日定向而改变面质比,并对两种方案分别作了数值模拟.最后,文章探讨了测控误差及地、月影对轨道控制的影响.     

深空探测器定位在太阳系中特殊点上的有关问题

由于某些探测任务的需要,要将空间探测器定位在日-地空间的适当 位置上,日-地系统中的5个平动点就是首选的位置。因其平动点是否稳定关 系到探测任务能否完成,如果不稳定又如何采取轨控策略是任务的关键。鉴于 这一点,本文将阐明5个平动点的动力学特征,特别是对3个不稳定的共线平动 点Li(i=1,2,3),给出相应的轨控条件,并以仿真计算结果表明,采用一定的轨 控方式,可以使探测器保持在Li附近而不远离。     

探测器定点在日-地＋月系三角平动点附近的轨道控制

日-地+月系统的三角平动点相对两个中心天体不变的几何构型使得它们可以作为某些特殊探测器的放置场所.尽管在圆型限制性三体问题下三角平动点附近的运动是稳定的.在探测器的实际运行过程中,由于其它天体的摄动,轨道控制仍是需要的.根据三角平动点的动力学特征对探测器定点在日-地+月系统的三角平动点附近的轨道保持问题作了相应的研究.     

拉格朗日平动点之间的转移轨道设计

针对三体问题中平动点转移轨道设计问题,首先以Richardson三阶近似解为初值,采用微分修正法,计算出简单周期轨道;利用单值矩阵法,计算出简单周期轨道附近的不变流形.然后根据Broucke的简单周期轨道分类思想,利用地-月平动点之间月球附近的周期轨道作为中转,设计LL2附近的Lyapunov轨道,LL1附近的Lyap...     

一种计算三体问题周期轨道的新方法

针对三体问题周期轨道计算方法存在计算量大、改变雅可比能量和局限于计算特定周期轨道等不足,本文提出了一种计算周期轨道的新方法。首先建立了一种初始点和投影点关系的改进型庞加莱截面图,能够更直观地反映随着初始点改变周期轨道的演变和分叉;其次基于改进的庞加莱截面图,通过初始点与投影点的对应关系筛选出可能存在周期轨道的候选区间;然后在该候选区间内利用状态转移矩阵给出距离周期轨道初始点真实解非常接近的初始猜想;最后采用打靶法求解能够快速得到周期轨道的数值解。本文方法不需要改变三体系统的雅可比能量,迭代次数少,能够快速计算得到大范围、具有x轴对称性的周期轨道。以地月圆形限制性三体问题为例进行仿真,验证了该方法的快速性和有效性。     

Autonomous optical navigation for orbits around Earth–Moon collinear libration points

The analysis of optical navigation in an Earth–Moon libration point orbit is examined. Missions to libration points have been winning momentum during the last decades. Its unique characteristics make it suitable for a number of operational and scientific goals. Literature aimed to study dynamics, guidance and control of unstable orbits around collinear libration points is vast. In particular, several papers deal with the optimisation of the Δv budget associated to the station-keeping of these orbits. One of the results obtained in literature establishes the critical character of the Moon–Earth system in this aspect. The reason for this behaviour is twofold: high Δv cost and short optimal manoeuvre spacing. Optical autonomous navigation can address the issue of allowing a more flexible manoeuvre design. This technology has been selected to overcome similar difficulties in other critical scenarios. This paper analyses in detail this solution. A whole GNC system is defined to meet the requirements imposed by the unstable dynamic environment. Finally, a real simulation of a spacecraft following a halo orbit of the L2 Moon–Earth system is carried out to assess the actual capabilities of the optical navigation in this scenario.     

Mapping orbits with low station keeping costs for constellations of satellites based on the integral over the time of the perturbing forces

The present paper is concerned with the search for orbits that have potential to require low fuel consumption for station-keeping maneuvers for constellations of satellites. The method used to study this problem is based on the integral over the time of the undesired perturbing forces. This integral measures the change of velocity caused by the perturbation forces acting on the satellite, so mapping orbits that are less perturbed, which generates good candidates for orbits that requires low fuel consumption for station-keeping maneuvers. The integral over the time depends only on the orbit of the spacecraft and the dynamical system considered. The type of engine and the control technique applied to the spacecraft are not considered to search for those orbits. It can be a good strategy to be applied for a first mapping of orbits. For this search, it is analyzed the integral of orbits with different values of the Keplerian elements in order to find the best ones with respect to this criterion. The perturbations considered are the ones caused by the third body, which includes the Sun and the Moon, and the J₂ term of the geopotential. The results presented here show numerical simulations to obtain the integral of those perturbing forces for different orbits. The GPS and the Molniya constellations are used as examples for those calculations.     

Manifold dynamics in the Earth–Moon system via isomorphic mapping with application to spacecraft end-of-life strategies

Recently, manifold dynamics has assumed an increasing relevance for analysis and design of low-energy missions, both in the Earth–Moon system and in alternative multibody environments. With regard to lunar missions, exterior and interior transfers, based on the transit through the regions where the collinear libration points L₁ and L₂ are located, have been studied for a long time and some space missions have already taken advantage of the results of these studies. This paper is focused on the definition and use of a special isomorphic mapping for low-energy mission analysis. A convenient set of cylindrical coordinates is employed to describe the spacecraft dynamics (i.e. position and velocity), in the context of the circular restricted three-body problem, used to model the spacecraft motion in the Earth–Moon system. This isomorphic mapping of trajectories allows the identification and intuitive representation of periodic orbits and of the related invariant manifolds, which correspond to tubes that emanate from the curve associated with the periodic orbit. Heteroclinic connections, i.e. the trajectories that belong to both the stable and the unstable manifolds of two distinct periodic orbits, can be easily detected by means of this representation. This paper illustrates the use of isomorphic mapping for finding (a) periodic orbits, (b) heteroclinic connections between trajectories emanating from two Lyapunov orbits, the first at L₁, and the second at L₂, and (c) heteroclinic connections between trajectories emanating from the Lyapunov orbit at L₁ and from a particular unstable lunar orbit. Heteroclinic trajectories are asymptotic trajectories that travels at zero-propellant cost. In practical situations, a modest delta-v budget is required to perform transfers along the manifolds. This circumstance implies the possibility of performing complex missions, by combining different types of trajectory arcs belonging to the manifolds. This work studies also the possible application of manifold dynamics to defining suitable, convenient end-of-life strategies for spacecraft orbiting the Earth. Seven distinct options are identified, and lead to placing the spacecraft into the final disposal orbit, which is either (a) a lunar capture orbit, (b) a lunar impact trajectory, (c) a stable lunar periodic orbit, or (d) an outer orbit, never approaching the Earth or the Moon. Two remarkable properties that relate the velocity variations with the spacecraft energy are employed for the purpose of identifying the optimal locations, magnitudes, and directions of the velocity impulses needed to perform the seven transfer trajectories. The overall performance of each end-of-life strategy is evaluated in terms of time of flight and propellant budget.     

Earth–Moon libration point orbit stationkeeping: Theory,modeling, and operations

Collinear Earth–Moon libration points have emerged as locations with immediate applications. These libration point orbits are inherently unstable and must be maintained regularly which constrains operations and maneuver locations. Stationkeeping is challenging due to relatively short time scales for divergence, effects of large orbital eccentricity of the secondary body, and third-body perturbations. Using the Acceleration Reconnection and Turbulence and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) mission orbit as a platform, the fundamental behavior of the trajectories is explored using Poincaré maps in the circular restricted three-body problem. Operational stationkeeping results obtained using the Optimal Continuation Strategy are presented and compared to orbit stability information generated from mode analysis based in dynamical systems theory.     

嫦娥五号平动点拓展任务轨道方案研究

中国嫦娥五号探测器成功实现月球采样返回任务,为最大限度利用任务资源,研究了利用嫦娥五号轨道器的平动点拓展任务轨道方案,设计了平动点轨道及其转移轨道.首先,给出了任务轨道设计的轨道动力学模型,包括圆型限制性三体问题模型和精确力模型.其次,基于嫦娥二号和嫦娥5T1平动点拓展任务设计经验,介绍了平动点轨道直接转移与入轨等轨道...     

Two-craft tether formation relative equilibria about circular orbits and libration points

The relative equilibria of a two spacecraft tether formation connected by line-of-sight elastic forces moving in the context of a restricted two-body system and a circularly restricted three-body system are investigated. For a two spacecraft formation moving in a central gravitational field, a common assumption is that the center of the circular orbit is located at the primary mass and the center of mass of the formation orbits around the primary in a great-circle orbit. The relative equilibrium is called great-circle if the center of mass of the formation moves on the plane with the center of the gravitational field residing on it; otherwise, it is called a nongreat-circle orbit. Previous research shows that nongreat-circle equilibria in low Earth orbits exhibit a deflection of about a degree from the great-circle equilibria when spacecraft with unequal masses are separated by 350 km. This paper studies these equilibria (radial, along-track and orbit-normal in circular Earth orbit and Earth–Moon Libration points) for a range of inter-craft distances and semi-major axes of the formation center of mass. In the context of a two-spacecraft Coulomb formation with separation distances on the order of dozens of meters, this paper shows that the equilibria deflections are negligible (less than 10^?6°) even for very heterogeneous mass distributions. Furthermore, the nongreat-circle equilibria conditions for a two spacecraft tether structure at the Lagrangian libration points are developed.