大连管制空域未来规划的设想

近几年来，我国民用航空业得到突飞猛进的发展，由此引发了高速增长的空中流量和落后的流量管理之间的矛盾，这种矛盾集中体现在90年代中期空管系统的差错率明显增高。适应空中交通的新格局，充分利用空域，保障飞行安全，是空中交通领域面临的首要问题。空域是航空器活动的空间范围，是机场和航空事业赖以生存和发展的必要条件。     

空域管理与评估系统的设计

空域管理是空中交通管理的一个重要分支，一个良好的空域设计方案，将对增强空中交通的安全、降低飞行成本、提高飞行流量起到关键的作用。我国目前空域设计主要依靠资深的空域管理人员凭借个人经验进行设计，科学性和合理性得不到充分保证。随着我国飞行流量的迅速增加，建设适合我国国情     

民航三大区域管制中心先进的语音交换系统

随着民航空管业务量迅速增长，对空管系统的通信提出了很高的要求。空中交通管制部门对繁忙的空域实施对空指挥，调配各种飞行任务，避免空中险情，保证飞行安全，迫切需要一个良好的工作界面，集成所有的通信资源，而语音交换系统满足了管制部门的通信需求。民航空中交通管制用语音交换控制系     

结合通用航空飞行特点加强低空空域管理

随着我国国民经济的迅速发展和人民生活水平的不断提高，通用航空的市场需求和使用范围越来越大，低空军事飞行、公务飞行、治安巡逻、海关缉私等飞行与日俱增，低空空域的飞行矛盾日益突出，改革旧的低空空域结构和管理方式，对低空空域实施科学有效的管理，提高空域的利用率，是摆在我们面前急需解决的一个重要课题。本文结合通用航空飞行特点，就新形势下低空空域的管理问题作一些探讨。     

美国飞行间隔的研究

随着我国2007年11月22日零时起成功实施缩小垂直间隔,及北京、上海、广州等飞行密集地区终端管制区正在进行规划建设,空中飞行间隔不断缩小,航空管制面临的空中环境更加复杂。为了加强军航管制人员对国外飞行间隔应用情况的进一步了解与掌握,更好地运用飞行间隔标准,确保空中飞行安全,现将我们编译整理的美国飞行间隔有关内容呈现给读者,供大家学习参考。     

重视空管新技术发展 满足民航安全高效需求

空中交通管理系统是通过管理多架飞机起降和航行来保障飞行秩序和安全的系统,同时还负责空域的管理,参与制定飞行规则和飞行程序,为航空器提供通信、导航、监视服务、航行情报服务、航空气象服务告警服务等,来实施空中交     

空管一次雷达的市场需求及发展

一、概述 空管一次雷达（PSR）是ATC系统监视空中飞行情况的重要信息源之一，是确保飞行安全、实现雷达管制和提高空域容量的基础。随着雷达技术的进步和微电子技术的快速发展，PSR的技术水平也获得了很大发展。尤其是进入20世纪90年代以来，随着射频大功率晶体管器件的成熟与商品化，PSR进入了全固态时代，国际上相继出现一批全固态、可无人值守的PSR，如美国西屋公司的ARSR-4雷达、雷声公司的ASR-IOSS雷达和ITT吉尔菲兰公司的PAR-2000雷达等。全固态PSR大量采用集成化、微电子化的设备，并增加独立的气象探测通道，从而在系统可靠性、稳定性、自动化和商品化水平上有很大提高，使PSR发展到一个更为实用的阶段。     

国内空管雷达技术发展与建议

一、概述 空管雷达是ATM（空中交通管理）系统监视空中飞行情况的重要信息源之一，是确保飞行安全、实现雷达管制和提高空域容量的基础。随着雷达技术的进步和微电子技术的快速发展，空管雷达的技术水平也得到了巨大发展。尤其是进入20世纪90年代以来，随着射频大功率晶体管器件的成熟与商品化，空管雷达进入了全固态时代，国际上出现大量全固态、可无人值守的空管雷达。全固态空管雷达大量采用集成化、微电子化的设备，从而在系统可靠性、稳定性、自动化和商品化水平上有很大提高，使空管雷达发展到一个更为实用的阶段。     

浅析管制员压力管理

随着民航运输业的快速发展和军航现代化建设步伐的加快,空中环境日趋复杂,飞行空域更加拥挤,使民航空中交通管制工作的压力越来越大。然而,与管制工作任务量相比,民航管制员数量却增长     

提高管制员防冲突应变能力浅析

<正>引言随着空中飞行流量的急剧增加,缩小垂直间隔和水平间隔的实施,在空域运行条件没有得到充分改善的情况下,产生空中飞行冲突的可能性在不断增加。由于航空安全是个复杂的系统,任何一个环节     

Summary of medical investigations in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions.

The results of biomedical investigations carried out in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions are discussed. Their basic result is well-documented evidence that man can perform space flights of long duration. The investigations have demonstrated no direct correlation between inflight or postflight physiological reactions of crewmembers and flight duration. In all likelihood, this can be attributed to the fact that special exercises done inflight efficiently prevented adverse effects of weightlessness. However, human reactions to weightlessness need further study. They include negative calcium balance and anemia as well as vestibulo-autonomic disorders shown by crewmembers at early stages of weightlessness. Attention should be given to psychological, social-psychological and ethical problems that may also limit further increase in flight duration.     

ADS-B在美国

美国是“广播式自动相关监视”(ADS-B)技术研究和应用的先行者之一。继1991年,瑞典首次成功利用飞行座舱显示器(CDTI)演示ADS-B功能之后,美国从1992年就开始在芝加哥的O’Hare机场开展ADS-B技术的早期应用研究。进入21世纪,美国首先在阿拉斯加地区通用航空飞机上推广应用ADS-B技术。2002年,美国联邦航空局FAA终于出台了ADS-B数据链发展政策以及支持ADS-B技术发展的规划蓝图。一、美国的AD S-B技术发展规划(一)近期规划:(2002年—2006年)(1)定义ADS-B最初发展阶段的国内技术系统底层结构;(2)允许“袖珍型”(不具备上行广播…     

U.S. biological experiments in space.

Past U.S. space biological experiments in space, using non-human specimens, are discussed and evaluated. Current plans for future experimentation in this field are also given.     

U.S. prebreathe protocol

This paper identifies and describes the prebreathe protocol currently used by the U.S. Space Shuttle Program to provide astronauts the capability to safely perform extravehicular activity. A comparison of planned vs actual prebreathe experience through the STS-37 Mission is also provided.     

Aquatic modules for bioregenerative life support systems based on the C.E.B.A.S. biotechnology

Most concepts for bioregenerative life support systems are based on edible higher land plants which create some problems with growth and seed generation under space conditions. Animal protein production is mostly neglected because of the tremendous waste management problems with tetrapods under reduced weightlessness. Therefore, the “Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System” (C.E.B.A.S.) was developed which represents an artificial aquatic ecosystem containing aquatic organisms which are adpated at all to “near weightlessness conditions” (fishes Xiphophorus helleri, water snails Biomphalaria glabrata, ammonia oxidizing bacteria and the rootless non-gravitropic edible water plant Ceratophyllum demersum). Basically the C.E.B.A.S. consists of 4 subsystems: a ZOOLOGICASL COMPONENT (animal aquarium), a BOTANICAL COMPONENT (aquatic plant bioreactor), a MICROBIAL COMPONENT (bacteria filter) and an ELECTRONICAL COMPONENT (data acquisition and control unit). Superficially, the function principle appears simple: the plants convert light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis thus producing biomass and oxygen. The animals and microorganisms use the oxygen for respiration and produce the carbon dioxide which is essential for plant photosynthesis. The ammonia ions excreted by the animals are converted by the bacteria to nitrite and then to nitrate ions which serve as a nitrogen source for the plants. Other essential ions derive from biological degradation of animal waste products and dead organic matter. The C.E.B.A.S. exists in 2 basic versions: the original C.E.B.A.S. with a volume of 150 liters and a self-sustaining standing time of more than 13 month and the so-called C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE with a volume of about 8.5 liters. In the latter there is no closed food loop by reasons of available space so that animal food has to be provided via an automated feeder. This device was flown already successfully on the STS-89 and STS-90 spaceshuttle missions and the working hypothesis was verified that aquatic organisms are nearly not affected at all by space conditions, i . e. that the plants exhibited biomass production rates identical to the ground controls and that as well the reproductive, and the immune system as the the embryonic and ontogenic development of the animals remained undisturbed. Currently the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODLULE is prepared for a third spaceshuttle fligt (STS-107) in spring 2001. Based on the results of the space experiments a series of prototypes of aquatic food production modules for the implementation into BLSS were developed. This paper describes the scientific disposition of the STS-107 experiments and of open and closed aquaculture systems based on another aquatic plant species, the Lemnacean Wolffia arrhiza which is cultured as a vegetable in Southeastern Asia. This plant can be grown in suspension culture and several special bioreactors were developed for this purpose. W. arrhiza reproduces mainly vegetatively by buds but also sexually from time to time and is therefore especially suitable for genetic engineering, too. Therefore it was used, in addition, to optimize the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE to allow experiments with a duration of 4 month in the International Space Station the basic principle of which will be explained. In the context of aquaculture systems for BLSS the continuous replacement of removed fish biomass is an essential demand. Although fish reproduction seems not to be affected in the short-term space experiments with the C.E.B.A.S. MIMI MODULE a functional and reliable hatchery for the production of siblings under reduced weightlessness is connected with some serious problems. Therefore an automated “reproduction module” for the herbivorous fish Tilapia rendalli was developed as a laboratory prototype. It is concluded that aquatic modules of different degrees of complexity can optimize the productivity of BLSS based on higher land plants and that they offer an unique opportunity for the production of animal protein in lunar or planetary bases.     

DR.Q.SCIENCE QUEST

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A 6 D.O.F. opto-inertial tracker for virtual reality experiments in microgravity.

Gravity plays a role in many different levels of human motor behavior. It dictates the laws of motion of our body and limbs, as well as of the objects in the external world with which we wish to interact. The dynamic interaction of our body with the world is molded within gravity's constraints. The role played by gravity in the perception of visual stimuli and the elaboration of human movement is an active research theme in the field of Neurophysiology. Conditions of microgravity, coupled with techniques from the world of virtual reality, provide a unique opportunity to address these questions concerning the function of the human sensorimotor system. The ability to measure movements of the head and to update in real time the visual scene presented to the subject based on these measurements is a key element in producing a realistic virtual environment. A variety of head-tracking hardware exists on the market today, but none seem particularly well suited to the constraints of working with a space station environment. Nor can any of the existing commercial systems meet the more stringent requirements for physiological experimentation (high accuracy, high resolution, low jitter, low lag) in a wireless configuration. To this end, we have developed and tested a hybrid opto-inertial 6 degree-of-freedom tracker based on existing inertial technology. To confirm that the inertial components and algorithms will function properly, this system was tested in the microgravity conditions of parabolic flight. Here we present the design goals of this tracker, the system configuration and the results of 0g and 1g testing.