一种用于TSTO级间分离CFD计算的网格动态优化技术

两级入轨空天运输系统具有难度较低和经济性好的优点，级间分离是该运输系统设计的一项关键技术。相比前后串联级间分离，两级入轨上下两级间存在严重的激波相互干扰，直接影响分离物体的气动力矩。为了更好地模拟分离过程中两级之间的运动激波多次反射问题，本文结合非结构混合网格分布优化技术和压力比值激波识别技术，建立了用于级间分离运动过程的并行网格动态优化技术。基于计算流体力学软件NNW-FlowStar，完成了两级入轨运输系统并联分离过程的数值模拟。结果表明，采用网格动态优化技术，可实现级间复杂激波的精细捕捉，更精准地获得了强干扰下飞行器的气动特性，显著提高了并联分离过程中运动轨迹和姿态的预测精度。     

一种折叠弹翼悬挂物的分离轨迹试验技术

提出了一种新的折叠弹翼悬挂物机弹分离轨迹试验技术,重点解决了在机弹分离过程中折叠弹翼动态展开时悬挂物的气动力获取问题。研究表明,提出的试验技术通过将悬挂物气动力修正方法引入到悬挂物分离安全性研究当中,准确地得到悬挂物的分离特性,解决了折叠弹翼悬挂物分离轨迹风洞试验技术瓶颈,为折叠弹翼悬挂物的投放分离安全性提供一套工程实用的解决方案。     

TSTO级间分离气动特性数值仿真分析

两级入轨（TSTO）重复使用飞行器并联级间分离是一二级飞行器设计必须考虑的关键因素。采用国家数值风洞工程通用CFD软件NNW-FlowStar，基于各向异性非结构混合网格及重叠网格技术，研究了TSTO在侧滑角下的并联级间分离过程。软件通过自主改进的Roe熵修正方法、节点高斯梯度算法实现高超声速流场的精细模拟，运用“物面相交”准则实现多套网格间的并行挖洞。采用双时间步求解非定常分离过程，内迭代计算采用LU-SGS方法。文中首先采用WPFS投放标模验证了软件在常规分离投放方面的数值模拟精度；然后模拟获得TSTO组合体定常气动特性，分析了不同攻角下一二级的气动特性以及可能的安全分离状态；最后数值模拟了TSTO在负攻角、正侧滑角下的并联级间分离过程，与对应的CTS试验结果比较，两级质心位移的计算值和实验值随时间变化具有很好的一致性，偏航角及俯仰角在变化规律和量值上比较吻合，表明软件具备升力体并联级间分离类问题的数值模拟能力。     

基于PSP/TSP测量的TSTO标模级间分离气动干扰特性试验分析

两级入轨空天飞行器（TSTO）并联级间分离存在复杂的气动干扰现象，理解气动干扰特性对分离安全性设计和评估具有重要意义。本文在Φ0.5 m高超声速风洞中开展了基于压敏漆（PSP）与温敏漆（TSP）试验技术的级间气动干扰特性研究，解决了有遮挡条件下的压敏漆与温敏漆测量难题，获得了马赫数6条件下不同级间距的高分辨率大面积连续压力和温度分布特性。研究表明：轨道级头部激波直接入射至助推级壁面，与边界层相互干扰，诱导流动分离；入射激波与分离激波在级间区域会产生多次反射，形成三维复杂波系结构；随着分离距离增大，级间流场呈现从缝隙流到小通道流再到大通道流的流动特征，级间高压高温干扰区则呈现从前往后移动且峰值减弱的特点，这也是改变两级气动力/力矩特性、影响分离过程中两级位姿变化的主要因素。     

二级入轨航天运载器最优分离飞行状态研究

研究水平起降二级入轨航天运载器分离飞行状态（飞行高度、轨迹倾角、马赫数）对轨道器在分离点处的质量（包括结构质量、燃料质量等）的影响。主要内容包括：针对以火箭发动机为动力的轨道器，建立了上升段运动方程。采用静态可变误差多面体算法加上动态共轭梯度法数值优化了轨道器上升段轨迹，优化的性能指标是分离点处轨道器的总质量最小，初始条件受到载机上升段走廊的约束，终端约束是某指定的目标轨道。对分离状态与轨道器总体方案（升阻比、推力、比冲等）对轨道器总质量的影响作了大量数值仿真。针对某飞行器模型，得到了一组最优分离飞行状态。拟合出估算分离状态对轨道器总体方案的影响计算公式。得到了合理选择分离飞行状态的结论。     

非定常多体分离风洞试验技术几个关键问题

为完善非定常多体分离风洞试验技术,增进相关领域的研究人员对该类试验技术的了解,对两种研究飞行器多体分离问题的非定常风洞试验技术——多体分离风洞自由飞试验技术和风洞投放模型试验技术,技术特点、相似准则及应用领域等方面的共性特点和差异作了总结和分析。比较了两种试验技术相似准则问题中的轻、重模型两种方法的优缺点,给出了两种非定常多体分离风洞试验技术在级间分离、子母弹抛撒分离和导弹蒙皮/壳片抛撒分离、重块抛撒分离和整流罩分离、飞机外挂物投放分离和内埋武器投放分离等各类多体分离问题的适用性对比分析。     

某运载火箭级间分离喷流干扰风洞试验研究

对某运载火箭级间分离特性进行了风洞试验研究,内流采用冷喷流模拟技术,获得了助推器与芯级同时分离和助推器先分离时,两级在有、无喷流、同轴变迎角情况下的气动力系数,试验结果表明,助推器与芯级同时分离和助推器先分离两种情况下,一、二级箭体各自的气动力系数变化很小,这说明助推器与芯级同时分离的方案是可行的。风洞试验研究结果为运载火箭级间分离方案设计和火箭控制系统参数设计提供了依据。     

火箭级间分离喷流干扰数值模拟与风洞试验研究

针对典型风洞试验状态,采用有限体积法求解三维雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程,数值模拟了给定级间距下火箭级间分离喷流干扰流动情况,获得了清晰的流场结构和有/无喷流干扰时两级气动特性变化规律,并对仅主机喷流和主机与四游机同时喷流的情况进行了计算,数值模拟研究结果为风洞试验方案的设计提供了参考依据。在典型状态数值模拟研究的基础上采用了冷喷流模拟技术对多个状态下火箭级间分离喷流干扰特性进行了风洞试验研究,获得了两级在有/无喷流、同轴变攻角情况下的气动力系数,研究结果表明,级间喷流干扰会对两级气动特性带来较大影响。相同状态下计算得到的两级气动特性变化与试验符合较好,表明了针对风洞试验状态的预先数值模拟对试验方案的设计验证可提供有益的参考。     

虚拟现实技术在飞行器级间分离仿真中的应用

主要讨论应用虚拟现实技术进行飞行器级间分离仿真分析的方法。给出了飞行器级间分离仿真时用于控制飞行器模型运动的虚拟世界结构，并且据此建立了一个包括飞行器模型和场景模型的虚拟世界。基于Matlab和Simulink，还给出了将虚拟世界与其它的计算程序结合起来的方法，实现计算、仿真、显示一体化。基于此框架，通过流体力学、飞行力学计算以及级间相对姿态和位置的计算和分析．研究讨论了飞行器级间分离碰撞干扰问题，为级间分离方案和分离机构设计提供了依据。     

激波风洞两级入轨飞行器纵向级间分离试验技术

高超声速多体分离问题是航天多体飞行器研发中的关键技术问题，基于分离过程中高速流动的复杂性，对高速多体分离的风洞试验研究极具挑战性，特别是激波风洞分离试验。激波风洞具有高速、高焓试验气流特点，更准确评估高超声速分离气动力/热特性，但是其有效试验时间短（ms量级），进行主动式动态级间分离试验极其困难。提出一种应用于激波风洞主动式多体分离试验的高速气动发射系统（HPELS），使得模型在短试验时间内完成主动分离测试，详细介绍了HPELS延迟时间、模型分离时间等精确的时间标定及时序控制方法。针对分离过程中模型的运动轨迹及气动力参数的高性能评估，发展了基于纹影图像的非接触式分离运动轨迹捕获及气动力参数测量技术。两级入轨（TSTO）飞行器的安全级间分离是典型的高速多体分离问题，设计了并联式TSTO飞行器并针对作者提出的纵向分离方案，在JF-12复现飞行条件激波风洞验证了高速动态多体分离试验技术应用的有效性，同时首次在激波风洞对TSTO纵向分离方案进行了原理性验证。初步对比结果显示，试验结果与数值计算结果具有良好的一致性。     

Space Shuttle UHF communications performance evaluation

Computational investigations and experimental measurements were performed to evaluate the Space Shuttle UHF communication system performance for payload bay antenna at the proposed new location. To insure adequate communication coverage at relocated new location, the link margin for the Extravehicular Activity (EVA) astronauts and between Space Shuttle Orbiter and International Space Station (SSO-ISS) during rendezvous were analyzed. The multipath effects from the vehicle structures surrounding the antenna were investigated. The Radio Frequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation to the Orbiter Docking System (ODS) pyrotechnics was also analyzed to ensure the EMC/EMI compliances.     

The Long-Term Evolution of the Atmosphere of Venus: Processes and Feedback Mechanisms

Space Science Reviews - The BepiColombo Environment Radiation Monitor (BERM) on board the European Space Agency’s Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO), is designed to measure the radiation...     

The exploration of Venus

This paper is an introduction to a special issue ofSpace Science Reviews dedicated to the exploration of Venus and the role played by the Pioneer Venus program. The Pioneer Venus program consists of a Multiprobe and Orbiter mission, both to be launched and to encounter Venus in 1978. The evolution of the program is traced from its conception in 1968 as the Goddard Space Flight Center Planetary Explorer Program through its transfer to Ames Research Center in 1971 as Pioneer Venus to the present.     

The Rosetta Lander (“Philae”) Investigations

The paper describes the Rosetta Lander named Philae and introduces its complement of scientific instruments. Philae was launched aboard the European Space Agency Rosetta spacecraft on 02 March 2004 and is expected to land and operate on the nucleus of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko at a distance of about 3 AU from the Sun. Its overall mass is ~98 kg (plus the support systems remaining on the Orbiter), including its scientific payload of ~27 kg. It will operate autonomously, using the Rosetta Orbiter as a communication relay to Earth. The scientific goals of its experiments focus on elemental, isotopic, molecular and mineralogical composition of the cometary material, the characterization of physical properties of the surface and subsurface material, the large-scale structure and the magnetic and plasma environment of the nucleus. In particular, surface and sub-surface samples will be acquired and sequentially analyzed by a suite of instruments. Measurements will be performed primarily during descent and along the first five days following touch-down. Philae is designed to also operate on a long time-scale, to monitor the evolution of the nucleus properties. Philae is a very integrated project at system, science and management levels, provided by an international consortium. The Philae experiments have the potential of providing unique scientific outcomes, complementing by in situ ground truth the Rosetta Orbiter investigations. Philae team members are listed in the acknowledgements     

Derivation and validation of a similarity law for free-flight wind tunnel tests of parallel stage separation

Aiming at the safety problem of the stage separation of parallel reusable high-speed air vehicles, this paper studies the unsteady test method and focuses on deriving a similarity law of parallel stage separation free-flight wind tunnel tests. The new similarity law considers the influences of aerodynamic force and gravity on the motions of the two stages, as well as the influence of aerodynamic interference between the two stages on each other’s motion. From the perspective of multi-angle physical equations, the conditions to ensure that the two-stage separation trajectory of a wind tunnel test is similar to that of a real air vehicle are derived innovatively, so as to ensure the authenticity and credibility of wind tunnel test results. The similarity law is verified by an HIFiRE-5 air vehicle, and the separation trajectories of wind tunnel tests and the real air vehicle are obtained by numerical simulation. The research shows that the similarity law derived in this paper can ensure that wind tunnel free-flight tests have the ability to predict the two-stage separation characteristics of real parallel vehicles. By analyzing the separation trajectory curve of the typical state, it is found that the new method can ensure that the trajectory error of a wind tunnel test does not exceed 1%, which indicates that this method is credible. The establishment of the new method lays the foundation for subsequent wind tunnel tests and provides support for research on the safety of the stage separation of parallel reusable air vehicles.     

基于Tcl/tk语言的外挂投放并行数值模拟流程集成方案

用Tcl/Tk脚本语言将非结构网格自动生成,欧拉方程并行求解和六自由度运动方程求解等环节集成为一个完整的外挂投放模拟系统,并针对AEDC弹翼分离算例,模拟并预测了外挂投放的流场和导弹投放后的弹道轨迹。数值试验结果证明了此集成方案的可行性。     

一种制导误差分离的新方法

针对制导误差分离模型中环境矩阵S存在严重病态性,从而影响分离结果精度问题,提出了一种基于动力系统求解的制导误差分离方法。该方法从分析线性迭代求解方法入手,将具有病态特性的线性方程组求解问题转化为对相应刚性动力系统的求解问题。这里给出了该方法收敛性及其他特性的证明。为了验证该方法效果,在遥外测视速度误差分别为0.01m/s、0.02m/s以及0.03 m/s的条件下,选用PB(Primary Bayesian,主成分贝叶斯)估计方法与其进行比较,数值结果表明,该方法可有效地降低环境矩阵病态性对误差分离结果的影响,且分离结果的稳健性和精度都优于PB估计方法得到的结果。     

Fine Resolution Epithermal Neutron Detector (FREND) Onboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter

ExoMars is a two-launch mission undertaken by Roscosmos and European Space Agency. Trace Gas Orbiter, a satellite part of the 2016 launch carries the Fine Resolution Neutron Detector instrument as part of its payload. The instrument aims at mapping hydrogen content in the upper meter of Martian soil with spatial resolution between 60 and 200 km diameter spot. This resolution is achieved by a collimation module that limits the field of view of the instruments detectors. A dosimetry module that surveys the radiation environment in cruise to Mars and on orbit around it is another part of the instrument.This paper describes the mission and the instrument, its measurement principles and technical characteristics. We perform an initial assessment of our sensitivity and time required to achieve the mission goal. The Martian atmosphere is a parameter that needs to be considered in data analysis of a collimated neutron instrument. This factor is described in a section of this paper. Finally, the first data accumulated during cruise to Mars is presented.     

Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Overview: The Instrument Suite and Mission

NASA’s Lunar Precursor Robotic Program (LPRP), formulated in response to the President’s Vision for Space Exploration, will execute a series of robotic missions that will pave the way for eventual permanent human presence on the Moon. The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) is first in this series of LPRP missions, and plans to launch in October of 2008 for at least one year of operation. LRO will employ six individual instruments to produce accurate maps and high-resolution images of future landing sites, to assess potential lunar resources, and to characterize the radiation environment. LRO will also test the feasibility of one advanced technology demonstration package. The LRO payload includes: Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) which will determine the global topography of the lunar surface at high resolution, measure landing site slopes, surface roughness, and search for possible polar surface ice in shadowed regions, Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) which will acquire targeted narrow angle images of the lunar surface capable of resolving meter-scale features to support landing site selection, as well as wide-angle images to characterize polar illumination conditions and to identify potential resources, Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector (LEND) which will map the flux of neutrons from the lunar surface to search for evidence of water ice, and will provide space radiation environment measurements that may be useful for future human exploration, Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment (DLRE) which will chart the temperature of the entire lunar surface at approximately 300 meter horizontal resolution to identify cold-traps and potential ice deposits, Lyman-Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP) which will map the entire lunar surface in the far ultraviolet. LAMP will search for surface ice and frost in the polar regions and provide images of permanently shadowed regions illuminated only by starlight. Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER), which will investigate the effect of galactic cosmic rays on tissue-equivalent plastics as a constraint on models of biological response to background space radiation. The technology demonstration is an advanced radar (mini-RF) that will demonstrate X- and S-band radar imaging and interferometry using light weight synthetic aperture radar. This paper will give an introduction to each of these instruments and an overview of their objectives.