Influences of mass flow rate on heat and mass transfer performances of water sublimator combined with fluid loop

For spacecraft working in vacuum environment, sublimator is an effective heat rejection approach to reject system's peak heat load, and supplement spacecraft radiation heat rejection. For a spacecraft active fluid loop thermal control system combined with sublimator, waste heat generated from multi-point distributed heat sources could be collected by the fluid loop efficiently. However, the heat and mass transfer performances of the sublimator combined with fluid loop have not been adequately studied in previous research, especially for the influences of the heat load. Since work fluid mass flow rate is the main factor affecting heat load of the fluid loop, this context experimentally studied influences of the fluid loop mass flow rate on sublimator start-up transient characteristics, including heat transfer performances, response time, and work stability. Results indicated that the fluid loop mass flow rate affected the sublimator heat and mass transfer performances obviously, but the heat rejection ability is not always increase with the increasing of the fluid loop mass flow rate. In addition, we obtained the condition to judge whether there is a positive correlation between heat rejection ability and fluid loop mass flow rate.     

基于蜡式自驱动温控阀的在轨卫星热控方法分析

为了提高航天器热控系统的控温适应能力,介绍了一种基于蜡式自驱动温控阀的卫星单相流体回路热控方法,提出了蜡式自驱动温控阀控温和机械泵、蜡式自驱动温控阀联合控温两种控制策略.利用集总参数法建立蜡式自驱动温控阀、热源载荷以及辐射器等部件的数学模型,运用数值仿真方法计算了某卫星在轨飞行中外热流周期性扰动和电气设备热耗阶跃扰动下该热控系统的温度动态特性,分析了两种控制策略的控温效果.结果表明:机械泵、蜡式自驱动温控阀联合控温既能利用蜡式自驱动温控阀的优势,达到系统的可靠性要求以及减少能源消耗,又能够克服蜡式自驱动温控阀的温度限制以及稳态误差等不足,实现回路系统的精确控温.      

高超声速飞行器瞬态热试验

为了进行高超声速飞行器热防护系统的初步设计和数值计算的验证,设计开发了高超声速飞行器瞬态气动加热地面试验系统及其控制软件.试验系统能够根据飞行器的飞行轨迹和外形参数加载瞬态热流,实时测出结构表面的热流值和温度,得到飞行器的表面试验热流曲线和温度曲线.试验系统采用真空舱模拟飞行环境,并为此设计了冷却床,在真空环境下能比较真实的模拟热防护系统的下表面热环境,使瞬态热试验的原理更加合理,精度进一步提高.      

不同压力环境下竖直平板表面自然对流散热实验

飞行器从地面上升到太空的过程中所经历的大幅度环境参数变化,会导致飞行器及机载设备出现"超热"、"过冷"和"热分层"等现象。为得到不同环境压力下的关键参数--自然对流换热系数,本文搭建了一个能提供不同气压和环境温度的封闭试验舱,对在不同压力环境(0.0001,0.01,0.1,0.2,0.5,1,10,50 kPa和常压)下几种固定加热量(75,150,300 W/m²)的竖直平板散热进行了实验研究,通过对辐射散热和对流散热的分析比较,获取不用工况下气体的对流换热系数。结果表明:对流换热系数在绝对气压小于1 kPa时非常小,可以视作为0;在绝对气压大于1 kPa时,对流换热系数随压力的升高呈2次方增加;通过对环境物理参数的无因次化处理,得到的准则式方程可用于1~100 kPa的环境压力。     

载人航天器主动热控系统流体回路的轻量化设计

建立载人航天器热控系统内各组成部分传热和质量的数学物理模型,对热控流体回路进行轻量化设计,并讨论相关参数对优化结果的影响。研究发现,在回路散热任务给定时,回路各组成部分的结构参数和辐射器内的散热管道数都存在最佳值,在该值下回路系统质量达到最轻。随着辐射器散热面积的增加,最优的辐射器内散热管道数减少;在给定辐射器散热面积时,当回路散热任务增加时,回路最优设计质量和辐射器内的最优管道数均增加。     

A Dual-driven Intelligent Combination Control of Heat Pipe Space Cooling System

Effective thermal control systems are essential for reliable operation of spacecraft.A dual-driven intelligent combination control strategy is proposed to improve the temperate control and heat flux tracking effects.Both temperature regulation and heat flux tracking errors are employed to generate the final control action;their contributions are adaptively adjusted by a fuzzy fusing policy of control actions.To evaluate the control effects,describe a four-nodal mathematical model for analyzing the dynamic characteristics of the controlled heat pipe space cooling system(HP-SCS) consisting of an aluminum-ammonia heat pipe and a variable-emittance micro-electromechanical-system(MEMS) radiator.This dynamical model calculates the mass flow-rate and condensing pressure of the heat pipe working fluid directly from the systemic nodal temperatures,therefore,it is more suitable for control engineering applications.The closed-loop transient performances of four different control schemes have been numerically investigated.The results conclude that the proposed intelligent combination control scheme not only improves the thermal control effects but also benefits the safe operation of HP-SCS.     

Ground-based investigations on phase-moving phenomenon with space sublimation cooling for lunar exploration missions

The lunar surface is a typical vacuum environment, and its harsh heat rejection conditions bring great challenges to the thermal control technology of the exploration mission. In addition to the radiator, the sublimator is recommended as one of the promising options for heat rejection. The sublimator makes use of water to freeze and sublimate in a porous medium, rejecting heat to the vacuum environment. The complex heat and mass transfer process involves many physical phenomena such as the freezing and sublimation phase change of water in the porous medium and the movement of the phase-change interface. In this paper, the visualized ground-based experimental approaches of space sublimation cooling were presented to reveal the moving law of three-phase point and the growth phenomenon of ice-peak and icicle in microchannels under vacuum conditions. The visualized experiments and results prove that the freezing ice is divided into the porous ice-peak and the transparent icicle. As the sublimation progresses, the phase-change interface moves downward steadily, the length of the ice-peak increases, but the icicle decreases. The visualized experiments of space sublimation cooling in the capillary have guiding significance to reveal the sublimation cooling mechanism of water in the sublimator for lunar exploration missions.     

微重力场中导热-对流-辐射系统的地面模拟技术

通过理论分析,提出了补偿热流技术,实现了微重力条件下导热-对流-辐射稳态系统的地面相似模拟,通过调整壁面热流密度分布,保持了原型与尺寸适当缩小后的模型的Nu数、材料和温度不变,从而实现模型与原型流动和换热相似。并用数值方法对均匀进风条件下的流动和换热的相似性进行了验证。     

低温推进剂贮箱压力变化的CFD仿真

为预示低温推进剂贮箱在地面停放阶段的压力变化并研究贮箱内物理过程的相互作用关系,建立了包含液体推进剂和混合气体两相的二维轴对称volume of fluid(VOF)计算流体力学(CFD)模型,并引入了基于热力学平衡假设的推进剂相变模型.对实验液氢贮箱进行仿真得到的压力上升速率与实验结果相差9.1%.通过对地面加压停放阶段下的液氢和液氧贮箱的仿真发现:造成液氢贮箱压力上升的主要因素是壁面漏热对气枕的加热作用,而液氢蒸发影响更小,液氧贮箱在加压停放阶段初期明显受到液氧相变的影响.两个贮箱中液面附近的对流运动在不同的气液传热过程作用下有不同的变化趋势,对流运动会影响推进剂的相变进而影响贮箱的压力变化.      

Experimental study on dynamic behavior of mechanically pumped two-phase loop with a novel accumulator in simulated space environment

Mechanically pumped two-phase loop (MPTL) which is a prominent two-phase heat transfer technology presents a promising prospect in thermal control for space payload. However, transient behavior of MPTL caused by phase-change and heat sources load-on/off in simulated space environment is rarely reported. In the present study, one MPTL setup was designed and constructed, and experimentally studied. Particularly, a novel two-phase thermally-controlled accumulator integrated with passive cooling measure and three capillary structures was designed as the temperature-control device. Dynamic behavior of the start-up, temperature control, and temperature adjustment were monitored; meanwhile, thermodynamic behavior within the proposed accumulator, the operating behavior as well as the heat and mass transfer behavior between the main loop and the accumulator were revealed. The results show that the fluid management function of the capillary structures for the novel accumulator is verified. The working point of the MPTL system can be adjusted by changing the temperature control point of the accumulator and it is little influenced by external heat flux and heat sources on/off. Pressure-drop oscillations which are manifested as fluctuations of temperature and pressure can be observed after phase changing due to the compressible volume within the accumulator and the negative-slope portion of the internal pressure.     

高空模拟试验舱中燃气流动过程的分析与计算

以一维等熵流动理论为基础,在充分考虑激波效应的情况下,分析了高空模拟试验舱中发动机燃气可能出现的两种流动过程,并计算了燃气流动过程的压力变化曲线,其结果为高空模拟试验舱的结构设计和真空机组的选配提供了参考。     

神舟载人飞船流体回路动态仿真研究

以神舟载人飞船流体回路为物理模型,分析了各个部件的工作原理、流动和传热特性,建立起辐射器、泵、阀门、补偿器、冷板和换热器的部件模型。在此基础上建立了流体回路模型,并引入实际控制策略。模型的仿真数据与航天器热平衡试验数据进行对比,结果表明,模型对流体回路各点的温度、压力、系统的流量分配和液体体积变化的补偿都能较好的进行动态模拟,并能够模拟系统控制策略的动态执行情况,可用于流体回路系统控制算法和策略的优化分析。     

航天材料空间环境效应地面模拟试验标准体系

首先对航天器在不同轨道将遇到的空间环境进行了分析,对航天材料在不同空间环境下的损伤效应与机制进行了探讨,并对不同空间环境对航天材料的协同效应进行了研究。进而在对国内外主要航天机构或国家的航天材料空间环境效应地面模拟试验标准建设情况进行梳理的基础上,借鉴国外航天材料空间环境效应地面模拟试验评价标准的建立和使用经验,构建了由通用方法、单一空间环境和多因素空间环境协同作用下的航天材料空间环境效应地面模拟试验标准体系。     

长时间气动加热飞行器的隔热机理

主要论述长时间气动加热飞行器热防护系统隔热机理的新概念，提出传统的单相固体热传导由于其隔热机制的局限性，已不能解决新型高超声速式飞行器的隔热问题，代之以气-固的辐射-传导-对流复合传热机制。多相复合传热机理可解决长时间气动加热飞行器隔热的问题。     

飞机整体瞬态热状况的数值仿真研究

 在分析飞机内外热环境的耦合传热机制基础上，建立了描述飞机整体瞬态热状况的物理数学模型。引入壁面热流函数，将飞机蒙皮外的气动对流与辐射换热作用转化为舱内热分析的浮动热边界条件，实现了飞机内外耦合热作用的解耦计算，避免了难以实现的直接耦合求解。采用区域分解技术，将飞机整体分解为特性不同的多个求解区域。采用蒙特卡罗法求解舱内设备之间的辐射换热，采用热网络法求解设备内部及各设备之间的辐射-导热-对流耦合换热。利用该方法对某型飞机飞行过程中的瞬态热状况进行了数值模拟，获得了飞机舱内的瞬态温度场，分析了相关因素的影响，为飞机设计及相关研究提供了重要依据。     

空间站太阳能吸热器蓄热性能地面模拟试验

利用相变材料 (PCM)的熔化潜热来蓄热可以保证空间站太阳能热动力系统在轨道的阴影期内仍能连续发电。针对这一核心技术 ,建立了空间太阳能吸热 -储热器单元换热器地面模拟实验台。在模拟轨道条件下 ,对不同入射热流、不同工质进口温度及不同工质流量进行了多种组合测试。结果表明 ,单管工质气体的出口温升在轨道的日照期和阴影期都达到了预期的要求 ,相变材料容器的最高温度和平均温度都处于材料的安全范围内。     

用于发动机羽流试验研究的液氦热沉设计

超低温大型卧式热沉采用液氦制冷,将在国内实现热沉表面温度低于10K,主要用于航天发动机羽流效应试验,同时兼顾卫星等热真空试验.热沉主体结构为卧式圆筒型,为减小热损失,液氦热沉去掉了骨架,外部装有液氮热沉,两者采用一体化设计,液氮热沉既做液氦热沉的防辐射屏,又做液氦热沉的支撑.为增大抽速,舱体封头端设计了可拆卸的羽流吸附泵.羽流试验时液氦热沉、羽流吸附泵通液氦制冷,液氮热沉通液氮制冷,各部分热沉单独供液.对此大型热沉进行了方案设计、参数计算,对热沉预冷及稳态工况时的液氮、液氦消耗量进行了估算,分析了羽流试验时热沉抽气速率随试验工质温度的变化关系,得出液氦热沉对氮气的抽气速率可以达到107L/s量级.      

低地球轨道环境对材料的影响

综述了原子氧、空间辐射、热循环、高真空、微流星和空间碎片等低地球轨道环境因素对材料性能的影响；从地面模拟实验、材料研制与防护涂层的开发等方面提出了急需解决的问题，为空间站、人造卫星等低轨道航天器用材料的选择与研制提供了依据。     

空间发动机羽流场的试验研究

为研究空间发动机羽流对卫星的影响,建立羽流污染预报系统,研制了一套羽流试验系统并进行了试验研究.试验台主要包括空间环境模拟系统,电热气体发动机,稳压气源,轴向和径向移动装置,测量系统和温控系统.系统可在满足10-3Pa量级的真空压力和93±5K的背景温度下稳定运行和精确测量.本文完成了表征羽流特征的关键参数-压力场的测量.同时采用CFD和DSMC相结合的方法进行羽流场的数值模拟计算.测量数据与数值计算结果以及相似试验条件下Boyd等人的测量结果进行了对比.     

再入飞行器烧蚀热防护一体化计算方法

针对再入飞行器烧蚀热防护系统烧蚀与瞬态温度耦合响应预测问题,提出了一体化计算方法,为再入飞行器烧蚀热防护设计提供包括气动热、烧蚀后退、瞬态温度响应在内的动态响应预测依据。该方法采用Sutton-Graves和Tauber-Sutton理论计算驻点的对流热流和辐射热流,通过表面能量平衡整合具有较高精度的烧蚀模型,并通过Landau变换简化烧蚀后退带来的节点删除过程并保证空间离散精度,最后求解瞬态有限差分热传导方程获得烧蚀热防护系统的热环境、烧蚀过程和温度响应。通过对比计算碳-碳材料钝头体地球再入过程和酚醛浸渍基碳烧蚀体（PICA）材料电弧风洞烧蚀模拟,对该方法对于不同材料体系的适用性进行了验证。计算结果表明：对于密度较高的碳-碳材料,本文计算结果与经典的热平衡积分法吻合较好,偏差在7%以内;而对于低密度材料（如烧蚀性能对压力高度敏感的PICA材料）,随着热流和压力的增大,预测偏差逐渐增大。所提出的方法实现了气动热、烧蚀、瞬态温度响应耦合过程的一体化计算,在保证精度的前提下实现快速计算分析,为再入飞行器烧蚀热防护设计提供依据。