用STARE-TRIAD联合观测对磁层-电离层不完全耦合的实例研究

本文用STARE-TRIAD联合观测的一个实例研究磁层-电离层不完全耦合现象.实例中观测的电场、场向电流和推出的Pederson电导率在Harang不连续区的分布与用Kan-Lee磁层-电离层不完全耦合理论的预测值符合得很好.这支持了该理论所说的在电等位U-位形低纬侧有S-位形存在以及与之相应的电离层电导率的第二增强区和电场凹陷区等现象.STARE的其他观测事实说明这些现象具有一定的普遍意义.      

磁层亚暴膨胀相的近地触发模型

本文指出现有亚暴的中性线模型其源区在赤疲乏面上离地球太远；以ＧＥＯＳ－２的观测资料为依据，提出了亚暴膨胀相的一个近地触发模型－气球模不稳定性模型，该模型认为，在增长相期间到达Ｒ≈（６－１０）ＲＥ的近地等离子体片内边缘区，出现指向地球方向的离子压强梯度，越尾电流强度增大，磁力线向磁尾拉伸。当等离子体片变薄，电子沉降增强，极光带电离层电导率骤增时，气球模不稳定性在近地等离子体片内边缘区被激发，场向电流     

暴时极光区热层大气焦耳加热与F区电离耗空的EISCAT雷达观测

利用ＥＩＳＣＡＴ雷达探测数据，分析计算了太阳活动高年夏季发生的一次强磁暴期间，极光区电离层对流电场、电导率以及焦耳加热速率等着重考察了Ｅ区热怪大气焦耳加热和Ｆ区离子摩擦增温与Ｆ区电子密度耗空的关系发现在下午东向极光电集流期间，电子密度最大耗空出现在Ｆ区３００－３２５ｋｍ高度，时间恰在积分的Ｅ区大气焦耳加热量大值和Ｆ区最大离子增温之后５－１０ｍｉｎ，耗空率达７０％。     

基于BP神经网络技术的电离层VTEC融合

随着电离层探测技术的不断发展，电离层观测资料也越来越多，只使用单一的观测资料会出现电离层反演精度不高的问题。为了提高电离层的反演精度，使用BP神经网络技术将地基反演和国际参考电离层(international reference ionosphere，IRI)模型的垂直总电子含量（vertical total electron content，VTEC）数据进行有效融合。在温带地区\[35°(N)~45°(N)，60°(E)~80°(E)\]进行电离层反演试验，结果表明基于BP神经网络技术的电离层数据融合和地基反演获得的电离层VTEC精度都比较高，但是基于BP神经网络的电离层数据融合反演精度比地基反演更高，所以基于BP神经网络技术的数据融合能够提高电离层的反演精度。     

敏捷数字电离层测高仪系统研制及初步观测

在小型天线和低发射功率条件下，保证电离层测高仪观测数据质量和提高观测速度一直是电离层垂测的技术难点.针对这一问题，基于新近发展的高速数字芯片和射频器件，采用窄带跟踪滤波、脉冲压缩、编码复用和天线均衡匹配等技术，设计和研制一种敏捷数字电离层测高仪.该系统采用数米高的小型收发天线和便携式主机系统，配置任意频率扫描方式频高图、高分辨率多普勒频高图和斜向探测等多种工作模式，具有可流动观测布站、系统参数灵活捷变及适合快速电离层扰动探测等能力.敏捷数字电离层测高仪为组网观测获得大范围电离层时空变化和电离层快速扰动及传播提供了一种有效的探测手段.      

电离层TEC日落阶段涨落异常增强现象研究

重点报道了一种TEC信距测量的夜间抖动异常现象，分析了这种现象的观测特征，指出了夜间GPS伪距观测是的异常抖动，特别是日落后时段GPS伪距观测量的散开十分严重的乐是个别的偶然现象，在考察了周围环境之后初步排除了这种现象是由周围地物引起的可能性，而进一步与电离层不均匀体（Spread-F)的特征，特别是它发生率最大的地方时进行比较，认为这是一种电离层效应，由大尺度的电离层不规则结构造成的散射很可能是这种夜间散开的主要原因。本文仅就单站GPS观测资料认证了这种夜间强烈抖动的存在，分析了北京上空电离层中发生的不均匀体或各种扰动对GPS信号的可能影响及其观测特征，指出了夜间GPS伪距观测量的异常抖动，特别是日落后时段GPS伪距观测量的散开十分严重的现象，可以用于电离层不规则结构的研究。由于GPS设备比较简便，数据量大，精度高，适用于各种环境等特点，我们发展的单站数据分析方法可能会对研究电离层TEC夜间涨落异常增加现象，包括地域，时间上的统计特性比较有利。     

1993年9月12—14日磁暴期间磁层—电离层耦合分析

采用具有明确物理意义的多个地磁指数，以及地面台站链观测的地磁和电离层参数，对一次典型磁暴期内从极光区到赤道附近电离层电流、电场演化发展的耦合过程作了具体分析．结果表明，地磁指数和观测参数能较好地说明磁层－电离层耦合理论结果的主要特征．     

典型电离层多普勒记录及其讨论

由于地面电离层多普勒频率偏移测量具有时间连续、设备相对简便等固有特征，它特别适合于扰监测。本文在整理北京大学电离层高频多普勒台站观测资料的基础上，给出了一些典型电离层多普勒效应观测现象，这些现象反映了多普勒的细致分析对电离层形态学研究有其特殊意义。利用IRI模型，对多普勒频移的太阳耀斑效应及电离层不规则结构对多普勒频移的影响进行了模拟计算，理论结果与观测基本一致，从而大体上解释了这些响应的物理机制。论文最后对观测到的一种特殊的记录类型－－S型描迹的具体成因作了详细的分析和讨论，指出在一定条件下，以一定相位速度水平传播的声重波可以产生这类记录，给出了相位速度和振幅等声重波参数与记录描迹形状的关系，这对从多普勒频移记录推演电离层中的波动特征有一定的帮助。     

电离层数字测高仪被动接收观测模式研究

利用CADI(Canadian Advanced Digital Ionosonde)电离层数字测高仪平台,实现了新的电离层数字测高仪被动接收观测模式.利用新开发的观测模式,在观测台站开展了一系列实验观测研究,经过信号处理和信息提取,获得了电离层特征参量f0F2回归方程,高频信道背景噪声分布,电离层D层对电波的吸收等电离层探测信息.实验观测结果表明,所获取的f0F2与主动探测结果相关性在0.84以上,高频信道背景噪声分布以及电离层D层吸收状况与电离层实际分析结果相吻合.     

用场向电流的观测结果研究高纬电离层电场

本文从Triad卫星观测到的场向电流日变化的统计结果出发, 利用场向电流日变化的付里叶级数展开和简单模式法分别求出电导率均匀时和极光带电导率增强时高纬电离层电位的分析解.结果表明, 电场集中在极光区是由2区场向电流引起的.在本文所用的场向电流分布形式下, 加上Pederson电导率的升高。极光区Hall电导率的增大反而有助于电场向中纬穿透.|AL|≥100γ时, 场向电流分布对对流圈位置西向旋转起一定作用, 但极光带Hall电导率的变化是造成大角度旋转的主要原因.Perdson电导率的增大, 对旋转角无影响.结果还表明, 在不考虑电导率日夜不均匀时, 由于场向电流复杂的日变化, 也可出现对流圈的晨昏不对称性.以上的电场分布形态, 与观测的电场形态基本相符。      

磁暴期间电离层扰动的GPS台网观测分析

给出了一种利用GPS台网观测获取TEC快速变化的计算方法，并将该方法用于东亚一澳大利亚扇区的GPS台网观测数据，分析了2000年7月14—18H大磁暴期间的电离层响应，揭示出电离层暴期间赤道异常峰的压缩和移动等特性．计算结果表明，在站点分布不均匀、原始观测数据不足且随时间跳变等多种不利因素的影响下，这种新的算法仍能保持很好的计算稳定性，并能快速地提取给定时空范围内的三维TEC短时变化的特征，适用于研究电离层暴等情况下引起的TEC扰动．     

反向赤道电集流与磁层扰动

对印度Trivandrum站第21太阳活动周内地磁H分量分析表明,不仅在磁扰日及其随后的静日内,强磁扰对赤道电集流有显着作用,即使在持续静日期间,较弱的磁扰仍然对赤道电离层有很大影响。磁静日昏侧出现反向(西向)电集流是正常现象,弱磁扰是使此反向电流消失的可能机制。      

地磁场与电离层异常现象及其与地震的关系

利用中国地磁台网与电离层台站资料,总结了大地震前出现的地磁低点位移、地磁日变异常及电离层f0F2(F2层临界频率)异常现象.对比研究了1997年11月8日玛尼7.5级与2001年11月14日昆仑山口西8.1级地震前磁场与电离层异常分布及特征.结果显示,两次巨大地震前磁场与电离层短临异常时空分布特征有较好的一致性,震中周围出现日变异常、拉萨台出现电离层f0F2明显异常;震前约1个月出现地磁低点位移,其突变分界线通过震中地区.      

全球电离层对2000年4月6-7日磁暴事件的响应

利用分布于全球的电离层台站的测高仪观测数据,对扰动期间,foF2值与其宁静期间参考值进行比较,研究了2000年4月6—7日磁暴期间全球不同区域电离层的响应形态,并通过对比磁扰期间NmF2的变化与由MSISR90经验模式估算的中性大气浓度比(no／nN2)的变化,探讨了本次事件期间的电离层暴扰动机制．结果表明,在磁暴主相和恢复相早期,出现了全球性的电离层F2层负相暴效应．最大负相暴效应出现在磁暴恢复相早期,即电离层暴恢复相开始时间滞后于磁暴恢复相开始时间．在磁暴恢复相后期,一些台站出现正相扰动．研究结果表明,本次事件期间的电离层暴主要是由磁暴活动而诱发的热层暴环流引起的．     

The importance of conductivity gradients in ground-based field-aligned current studies

Magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling is achieved primarily through magnetic field-aligned currents. Such currents are difficult to measure directly and are usually inferred from satellite magnetometer recordings or from ground-based measurements of the divergence of ionospheric electric fields. The latter technique requires a knowledge of the ionospheric conductance distribution. Although it is possible to obtain the ionospheric electric field distribution over large spatial areas with good temporal resolution from coherent backscatter radars, these instruments cannot measure conductivity. Since the equation for computing field-aligned currents explicitly requires the gradient in conductance to be known, the use of statistically averaged models is excluded for case studies. If a dense enough array of magnetometers is available, these data may be used in combination with radar data to produce a measured conductance distribution within the overlapping fields of view. This has been done for data obtained in northern Scandinavia. Comparing field-aligned currents, computed with and without knowing the ionospheric conductance distribution, shows that gradients in conductance can not be ignored, even for quiet geomagnetic conditions.     

Responses of ionospheric foF2 to geomagnetic activities in Hainan

Responses of low-latitude ionospheric critical frequency of F2 layer to geomagnetic activities in different seasons and under different levels of solar activity are investigated by analyzing the ionospheric foF2 data from DPS-4 Digisonde in Hainan Observatory during 2002–2005. The results are as follows: (1) the response of foF2 to geomagnetic activity in Hainan shows obvious diurnal variation except for the summer in low solar activity period. Generally, geomagnetic activity will cause foF2 to increase at daytime and decrease at nighttime. The intensity of response of foF2 is stronger at nighttime than that at daytime; (2) seasonal dependence of the response of foF2 to geomagnetic activity is very obvious. The negative ionospheric storm effect is the strongest in summer and the positive ionospheric storm effect is the strongest in winter; (3) the solar cycle has important effect on the response of foF2 to geomagnetic activity in Hainan. In high solar activity period, the diurnal variation of the response of foF2 is very pronounced in each season, and the strong ionospheric response can last several days. In low solar activity period, ionospheric response has very pronounced diurnal variation in winter only; (4) the local time of geomagnetic activities occurring also has important effect on the responses of foF2 in Hainan. Generally, geomagnetic activities occurred at nighttime can cause stronger and longer responses of foF2 in Hainan.     

On the mid-latitude ionospheric storm association with intense geomagnetic storms

The bulk association between ionospheric storms and geomagnetic storms has been studied. Hemispheric features of seasonal variation of ionospheric storms in the mid-latitude were also investigated. 188 intense geomagnetic storms (Dst ≤ 100 nT) that occurred during solar cycles 22 and 23 were considered, of which 143 were observed to be identified with an ionospheric storm. Individual ionospheric storms were identified as maximum deviations of the F2 layer peak electron density from quiet time values. Only ionospheric storms that could clearly be associated with the peak of a geomagnetic storm were considered. Data from two mid-latitude ionosonde stations; one in the northern hemisphere (i.e. Moscow) and the other in the southern hemisphere (Grahamstown) were used to study ionospheric conditions at the time of the individual geomagnetic storms. Results show hemispheric and latitudinal differences in the intensity and nature of ionospheric storms association with different types of geomagnetic storms. These results are significant for our present understanding of the mechanisms which drive the changes in electron density during different types of ionospheric storms.     

Variations of quasi-electrostatic fields and ionosphere potential above lightning discharge at equatorial latitudes

Lightning discharges by thunderstorms cause generation of electromagnetic pulses and of quasi-electrostatic fields (QESF) in the atmosphere above, which occur in different time-scales. QESF penetrate into the mesosphere and the lower ionosphere where they are big enough to generate considerable electric charge transfer there and, in some cases, to cause red sprites. These processes may have an important contribution to the global atmospheric electric circuit. Significant transient variations of the ionospheric potential above the thunderstorm take place as well. QESF depend on the atmospheric conductivity and in the ionosphere they are affected also by its anisotropy determined by geomagnetic field orientation. QESF after a lightning discharge are investigated theoretically in this work in the case of equatorial latitudes (by horizontal geomagnetic field), where thunderstorms are important contributors to the global circuit. Results for DC electric fields in the lower equatorial ionosphere above a thundercloud obtained by earlier models demonstrate some specific features of the spatial distribution of these fields, which appear due to geomagnetic field orientation. Thus, the electric fields can be shifted by tens or more kilometers to east of the cloud charge region; also their horizontal scale is much bigger than in the case of middle latitudes. Here, a presence of similar specific features of quasi-electrostatic field distributions and ionospheric potential variations caused by a lightning stroke is studied. A situation when no secondary ionization is generated is considered. A model based on the Maxwell equations for potential electric fields is proposed. Computations of QESF in the middle atmosphere and of the ionospheric potential variations are provided as dependent on conductivity and its anisotropy in D-region. The obtained results for the ionosphere show that the electric fields in the equatorial lower ionosphere are comparable to these formed in the case of middle latitudes. However, their horizontal scales are much bigger and depend on conductivity profiles. Similar features are valid also for the ionospheric potential variations and for their horizontal scales.     

1958年7月8日磁暴的电离层响应

本文用遍布全球的52个电离层垂测台站资料,研究1958年7月8日磁暴期间全球电离层扰动的发展变化;各扇区的响应特性;扰动的传播轨迹及速度等。获得以下结果:1.几大扇区的电离层扰动始于南北两极,美洲扇区除具这一特征外,其赤道地区在磁暴急始后不久,出现一个扰动中心,邻近区域的扰动受其控制。2.扰动由高纬向低纬发展,由扰动中心向外传播。3.扰动峰面几乎与地磁力线垂直,即扰动沿磁力线方向发展,其传播速度大约在150—600m/s范围。