基于Kriging自适应代理模型的气动优化方法

气动优化设计中,引入代理模型可以有效减少计算周期,而运用有效的插值和选样方法(自适应选样)可以大大减少建立代理模型的时间,因此提出了一种基于Kriging自适应代理模型的气动优化方法。使用Kriging方法建立代理模型,通过求解EI函数最大值得到添加样本点更新代理模型,提高了代理模型的拟合精度。针对Kriging自适应代理模型的精确性和有效性,分别进行典型函数测试分析和翼型算例验证。结果表明:基于Kriging自适应代理模型气动优化方法可以实现高效的翼型气动性能优化设计。     

一种基于Kriging和Monte Carlo的主动学习可靠度算法

机械结构可靠性分析时,常常会采用代理模型拟合隐式功能函数来解决计算量大的问题,但由于试验设计方案需要同时考虑代理模型的拟合精度和可靠度计算精度的问题。因此,为了能够充分使用较少的样本信息,最大化可靠度计算精度,本文充分发挥Kriging预测的随机特性,提出一种主动学习可靠度计算方法。首先,类似于优化问题中改善函数的选点方式,提出一种基于Kriging预测的学习函数,基于Monte Carlo法生成大量的候选样本点,找出学习函数最小值对应的样本点作为最佳取样点。其次,推导和提出了一种学习停止的条件,保证了Monte Carlo样本点预测符号的正确性且学习次数明显减小。最后,通过2个数值算例分析结果表明,该算法相比其他方法需要更少的样本数量,得到的可靠度计算精度更高,验证了本文算法的正确性和高效性。     

二维气动问题中Kriging代理模型精度影响因素

以二维跨声速临界翼型的阻力特性为对象,探讨样本点数目、Kriging代理模型参数及其类型等对模型精度的影响.阻力系数采用计算流体力学（CFD）方法得到.模型精度的验证采用交叉验证方法,采用平均误差、最大误差和标准交叉验证残差来衡量Kriging代理模型的精度.研究结果表明:①Kriging代理模型预测气动阻力效果较好.②模型精度随样本点的增多而提高,剔除与样本点响应趋势不相符的“奇异点”后,模型精度显著提高,平均误差减小5%~38%,最大误差减小13%~77%.③核函数类型对模型精度的影响最大,相关参数次之,回归模型的影响最小.采用高斯相关函数、2阶多项式回归模型,以及合适的相关参数值时,Kriging代理模型的精度最高.      

翼型气动优化设计问题多极值特性研究

认识翼型气动外形优化问题设计空间的多极值特性,有助于人们在翼型设计阶段选择合理的优化算法,提高优化效率、缩短设计周期。研究RAE2822 翼型在优化减阻过程中设计空间的多极值特性,采用ADODGcase2算例,使用自由变形方法(FFD)对翼型进行参数化,通过拉丁超立方抽样方法对翼型加入初始扰动;使用基于梯度的优化算法对经过不同扰动后的翼型进行优化,并将优化结果与全局优化算法的优化结果进行对比。结果表明:ADODGcase2可能是一个单峰值气动设计问题,梯度算法能够得到相对满意的最优解,并且具有更高的优化效率;在给定面积约束的条件下,对于翼型跨声速单点减阻优化问题,设计空间很可能是单峰值的,可直接使用梯度优化算法。     

多学科复杂产品仿真的改进序列Kriging优化方法(英文)

针对计算机仿真优化耗时较多的问题,Kriging模型被广泛用作原模型的近似以减少仿真时间。但是基于Kriging模型的序列优化还是比较耗时的,本文对期望改进法进行扩展并提出了改进的序列Kriging优化方法。本算法通过每次更新模型时同时增加两个以上的样本点将原方法中两次优化问题变为一次优化。在每次重新构建Kriging模型时,本算法均对新采样点进行验证以使得新加入的点既不与以往样本点重合也避免任两个样本点离得太近。本文还提出了双重收敛法则使得最终Kriging模型的均方根差在容许范围之内,保证结果精度。文中的算例表明了改进的序列Kriging优化方法可以准确并且快速地实现全局优化,并且不受初始优化值影响。本方法在汽车主动悬架系统上的应用表明本文提出的改进法是有效的。     

基于Kriging模型的翼型气动性能优化设计

将基于Kriging模型的近似技术引入气动优化设计。通过计算两个测试函数的全局极值以及翼型几何形状的重构,比较了基于Kriging模型的优化方法与传统的梯度类优化方法、标准遗传算法的特点。结果表明基于近似模型的优化方法不仅全局性良好,而且有效节约了计算资源。用此方法进行了翼型的气动优化设计,目标函数为来流马赫数为0.7、攻角为3°时升阻比最大。设计结果表明,与参考翼型相比,优化翼型升阻比提高了81%,而翼型截面积减少不到1%,优化效果非常明显。     

考虑飞行条件变化和制造误差的气动优化方法

提出一种渐近全局代理模型方法以提高稳健优化中的代理模型的精度.基本思路是连续成批地在样本空间的全局和局部均加入新样本点,不断提高代理模型的全局拟合精度.将基于渐近全局代理模型稳健优化方法应用于高亚声速翼型设计,结果表明不仅目标值阻力系数具有稳健性,对飞行条件的小幅度变化和制造误差不敏感,而且力矩系数的约束也具有稳健性.     

基于 Kriging与多点取样算法的压气机特性建模

针对航空燃气轮机流量系数插值建模过程中,获取样本数据时的实验成本较高以及插值模型精度偏低这 2个问题,根据样本点在设计空间中的分布与模型精度的关系,在 Kriging插值模型的基础上,采用把垂距作为设计变量取值标准的取样算法。首先,将样本点与相邻 2点之间连线的垂距与垂距阈值进行比较,筛选出符合条件的数据点,形成候选点集;其次,选用高斯函数判定基础点集和候选点集的相关性;最后,使用该算法筛选后的样本点构建 Kriging插值模型。实验结果表明,该方法使用的样本点为原来数量的 70%左右,并且预测精度得到了提高,该方法是有效可行的。     

基于CST参数化方法气动优化设计研究

翼型及机翼优化设计中,设计变量的个数对优化算法的收敛速度及代理模型的精度有很大的影响.因此,在精确描述翼型的同时,发展较少设计变量的翼型参数化方法对翼型优化设计有着重要的意义.本文基于CST(class function/shape function transformation)翼型参数化方法对Kriging模型的预测精度进行研究,并采用改进的粒子群优化算法构建气动优化设计系统.某亚声速机翼单点减阻设计及超临界翼型的稳健性设计表明该系统具有较高的设计质量,方法可靠,有较高的工程应用前景.     

基于Kriging模型的翼型多目标气动优化设计研究

在翼型气动优化设计中引入Kriging代理模型,发展了一套高效、稳定的气动优化设计程序。采用拉丁超立方试验设计方法在设计空间内构造一系列样本点,通过求解二维可压缩的雷诺平均NS方程（RANS）得到其响应值来建立初始Kriging模型。优化设计采用Hicks-henne函数对翼型几何外形进行参数化表示,以阻力极小化为设计目标,考虑面积、升力、力矩等约束条件,通过算例证明,发展的优化设计方法不仅可行,而且具有高效稳定的特性。与传统的优化设计方法比较,大大减少了设计时间。     

基于梯度增强型Kriging模型的气动反设计方法

基于Kriging模型的代理优化算法目前在气动优化设计中得到了广泛应用。但在高维(设计变量大于30个)气动优化中,计算量过大的问题对其进一步发展产生了严重制约。将翼型和机翼气动反设计问题转化为优化问题,采用Adjoint方法进行快速梯度求解,利用基于梯度增强型Kriging(GEK)模型的代理优化算法分别开展了18、36和108个设计变量的气动反设计。首先,通过采用在设计空间局部建立GEK模型的方法成功地将基于代理优化算法的气动反设计问题的维度拓展到了100维以上。其次,研究了梯度计算精度对基于GEK模型的反设计的影响,发现梯度精度越高,反设计的最终效果越好,同时效率相当。最后,通过不同维度的气动反设计算例,比较了改进拟牛顿法(BFGS)、基于GEK模型和Kriging模型的代理气动反设计方法,结果表明基于GEK模型的代理优化算法的效率大幅度高于基于Kriging模型的代理优化算法,并且维度越高,效率优势越明显;同时,基于GEK模型的代理优化算法在优化效果及分析程序调用次数上相比于BFGS方法也略有优势。     

Research on multi-fidelity aerodynamic optimization methods

 Constructing high approximation accuracy surrogate model with lower computational cost has great engineering significance. In this paper, using co-Kriging method, an efficient multifidelity surrogate model is constructed based on two independent high and low fidelity samples. Co-Kriging method can use a greater quantity of low-fidelity information to enhance the accuracy of a surrogate of the high-fidelity model by modeling the correlation between high and low fidelity model, thus computational cost of building surrogate model can be greatly reduced. A wing-body problem is taken as an example to compare characteristics of co-Kriging multi-fidelity (CKMF) model with traditional Kriging based multi-fidelity (KMF) model. A sampling convergence of the CKMF model and the KMF model is conducted, and an appropriate sampling design is selected through the sampling convergence analysis. The results indicate that CKMF model has higher approximation accuracy with the same high-fidelity samples, and converges at less high-fidelity samples. A wing-body drag reduction optimization design using genetic algorithm is implemented. Satisfying design results are obtained, which validate the feasibility of CKMF model in engineering design.     

An efficient aerodynamic shape optimization of blended wing body UAV using multi-fidelity models

This paper presents a novel optimization technique for an efficient multi-fidelity model building approach to reduce computational costs for handling aerodynamic shape optimization based on high-fidelity simulation models. The wing aerodynamic shape optimization problem is solved by dividing optimization into three steps—modeling 3D(high-fidelity) and 2D(lowfidelity) models, building global meta-models from prominent instead of all variables, and determining robust optimizing shape associated with tuning local meta-models. The adaptive robust design optimization aims to modify the shape optimization process. The sufficient infilling strategy—known as adaptive uniform infilling strategy—determines search space dimensions based on the last optimization results or initial point. Following this, 3D model simulations are used to tune local meta-models. Finally, the global optimization gradient-based method—Adaptive Filter Sequential Quadratic Programing(AFSQP) is utilized to search the neighborhood for a probable optimum point. The effectiveness of the proposed method is investigated by applying it, along with conventional optimization approach-based meta-models, to a Blended Wing Body(BWB) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV). The drag coefficient is defined as the objective function, which is subjected to minimum lift coefficient bounds and stability constraints. The simulation results indicate improvement in meta-model accuracy and reduction in computational time of the method introduced in this paper.     

基于代理模型的高效全局低音爆优化设计方法

研究发展高效实用的低音爆优化设计方法,对于新一代低音爆超声速客机的研制具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。目前国内外发展的低音爆优化方法主要包括遗传算法（GA）和基于Adjoint的梯度优化。遗传算法虽然具有较强的全局优化能力,但其优化效率较低,无法很好满足实际应用的需要;而梯度优化虽然优化效率高,但易陷入局部最优。将最新发展的代理优化算法与音爆预测方法相结合,发展了一种具有全局优化能力的高效低音爆优化设计方法。首先,概述了所采用的线性音爆预测方法,并用NASA超声速圆锥体模型进行验证,表明其计算效率高、预测精度可满足飞行器初步设计的需要。其次,对所采用的代理优化（SBO）方法进行了概述,包括试验设计、代理模型建模、优化加点准则和收敛标准等。再次,运用所发展的方法开展了NASA多段圆锥体模型的低音爆优化设计算例研究,并与遗传算法和梯度优化的结果进行了比较,表明其优化效率比遗传算法提高了2个量级以上,且优化结果优于梯度方法。最后,将所发展的方法应用于AIAA音爆预测大会提供的翼身组合体外形（69°后掠三角翼）的低音爆优化设计,将远场音爆N型波峰值减少了27.4%,表明所发展的方法在复杂外形低音爆优化设计中具有很好的应用潜力。     

Multi-infill strategy for kriging models used in variable fidelity optimization

In this paper, a computationally efficient optimization method for aerodynamic design has been developed. The low-fidelity model and the multi-infill strategy are utilized in this approach. Low-fidelity data is employed to provide a good global trend for model prediction, and multiple sample points chosen by different infill criteria in each updating cycle are used to enhance the exploitation and exploration ability of the optimization approach. Take the advantages of low-fidelity model and the multi-infill strategy, and no initial sample for the high-fidelity model is needed. This approach is applied to an airfoil design case and a high-dimensional wing design case. It saves a large number of high-fidelity function evaluations for initial model construction. What’s more, faster reduction of an aerodynamic function is achieved, when compared to ordinary kriging using the multi-infill strategy and variable-fidelity model using single infill criterion. The results indicate that the developed approach has a promising application to efficient aerodynamic design when high-fidelity analyses are involved.     

Aerodynamic/aeroacoustic variable-fidelity optimization of helicopter rotor based on hierarchical Kriging model

Rotor noise is one of the most important reasons for restricting helicopter development; hence, the optimization design of rotor blade considering aeroacoustic and aerodynamic performance at the same time has always been the focus of research attention. For complex rotor design problems with a large number of design variables, the efficiency of the traditional Kriging model needs to be improved. Thus, Hierarchical Kriging (HK) model is employed in this study for rotor optimization design. By using the validated RANS solver and acoustic method based on the FW–H_pds equation, an efficient aerodynamic/aeroacoustic optimization method for high-dimensional problem of rotors in hover based on HK model is developed. By using present HK model and new infill-sampling criteria, the number of design variables is increased from less than 20–53. Results of two analytical function test cases show that the HK model is efficient and accurate in calculation. Subsequently, the helicopter rotor blade is optimally designed for aerodynamic/aeroacoustic performance in hover based on the HK model with high dimensional design variables. The objective function is adopted to improve the rotational noise characteristics by reducing the absolute peak of the acoustic pressure. In addition, the constraints of thrust, hover efficiency, solidity, and airfoils thickness are strictly satisfied. Optimization results show that the Kriging model finds the objective of reducing the noise by 2.87 dB after 248 iterations while the HK model does it only after 164 iterations. The optimization efficiency of the HK model is significantly higher than that of the traditional Kriging model. In the case analyzed, the HK model saves 35% of the time used by the Kriging model.     

Kriging模型及代理优化算法研究进展

代理模型方法由于能显著提高工程优化设计问题的效率,在航空航天及其他领域得到了广泛重视,并逐渐发展成为一类优化算法,本文称其为代理优化（SBO）算法。在现有的代理模型方法中,如多项式响应面、径向基函数、神经网络、支持向量回归、多变量插值/回归、多项式混沌展开等,源于地质统计学的Kriging模型具有代表性,是一种非常具有应用潜力的代理模型方法。以飞行器设计领域的优化问题为背景,介绍了Kriging代理模型及应用于优化设计的理论和算法的最新研究进展。首先,概述了Kriging模型的基本理论和算法,并讨论了影响Kriging模型鲁棒性和效率的几个关键性问题。其次,回顾了Kriging模型理论和算法研究的3个最新研究进展,包括梯度增强型Kriging、CoKriging和分层Kriging模型。而后,分析提炼了基于Kriging模型的代理优化算法的优化机制和优化框架,给出了“优化加点准则”和“子优化”的概念,并介绍了目前常用的几种优化加点准则及其相应子优化问题的求解与约束处理;同时,还介绍了最新提出的局部EI加点准则以及代理优化的终止条件。最后,介绍了代理优化在标准测试函数算例验证、飞行器气动与多学科优化设计典型算例确认方面的研究进展,并对当前存在的一些关键科学问题以及未来研究方向进行了讨论。     

基于Kriging模型和遗传算法的齿轮修形减振优化

针对齿轮修形优化时计算啮合刚度计算量大、计算精度低、操作繁琐等问题，提出一种基于Kriging模型和遗传算法的齿轮减振修形优化算法.以典型直齿轮传动为例开展齿轮修形优化，通过拉丁抽样建立Kriging模型，解决齿轮修形优化的多响应和隐式函数的问题，通过Kriging预测的啮合刚度与有限元法的对比可知，时变啮合刚度函数各参数的误差最大值为7.79×10-5,1.20×10-3及1.30×10-4，验证了Kriging多响应预测啮合刚度函数的精确性.将Kriging预测函数代入直齿轮啮合传动的动力学微分方程，采用遗传优化算法时将齿轮动态传动误差响应波动最小作为优化目标，得到最优的齿轮修形参数.算例表明:相比于ISO(International Standardization Organization)修形和未修形的齿轮，该算法的减振效果最好，验证了基于遗传算法与Kriging模型对齿轮进行修形优化的正确性、高效性.相比于直接采用有限元法进行齿轮修形优化，该算法计算时间由26.91d减小为2.24h，证明了该算法计算效率的优越性.      

A gradient-based method assisted by surrogate model for robust optimization of turbomachinery blades

The design optimization taking into account the impact of uncertainties favors improving the robustness of the design. A Surrogate-Assisted Gradient-Based (SAGB) method for the robust aerodynamic design optimization of turbomachinery blades considering large-scale uncertainty is introduced, verified and validated in the study. The gradient-based method is employed due to its high optimization efficiency and any one surrogate model with sufficient response accuracy can be employed to quantify the nonlinear performance changes. The gradients of objective performance function to the design parameters are calculated first for all the training samples, from which the gradients of cost function can be fast determined. To reveal the high efficiency and high accuracy of SAGB on gradient calculation, the number of flow computations needed is evaluated and compared with three other methods. Through the aerodynamic design optimization of a transonic turbine cascade minimizing total pressure loss at the outlet, the SAGB-based gradients of the base and optimized blades are compared with those obtained by the Monte Carlo-assisted finite difference method. Moreover, the results of both the robust and deterministic aerodynamic design optimizations are presented and compared to demonstrate the practicability of SAGB on improving the aerodynamic robustness of turbomachinery blades.     

1 种基于Kriging 近似模型的叶片罩量优化设计方法

在航空发动机叶片设计过程中,需要进行叶片罩量优化来减小多种载荷引起的弯曲应力,改善其应力状况。为了提高叶片罩量优化设计效率,根据Kri gi ng近似模型和试验采样技术,提出了1种叶片罩量优化设计方法。利用序列采样方法逐步改善近似模型预测精度,然后在近似模型上进行全局寻优。结果表明:该方法简单易用,通过构造近似模型代替真实的物理模型,降低了计算成本,提高了优化效率。优化后的叶片最大等效应力减小了12.43%,有效地减小叶片的峰值应力。