CT-1标模大迎角静态气动特性数值模拟

 采用雷诺平均的Navier-Stokes方程,对接网格技术和TRIP（TRI sonic Platform）软件,数值模拟了CT-1标模大迎角静态气动特性。来流马赫数0.5,迎角0°～100°,侧滑角0°和5°,在与1.2 m跨声速风洞试验结果对比的基础上,重点讨论了对流项离散方法、湍流模型、远场距离和不同尾部处理形式对CT-1标模大迎角静态气动特性影响。研究结果表明,不同尾部处理形式对大迎角静态气动特性数值模拟结果影响显著,模拟试验的尾部支杆是对比大迎角静态测力试验结果与计算结果的基本要求。     

三角翼大迎角绕流数值模拟中网格的影响研究

在大迎角条件下的数值模拟,计算的结果往往是要受多方面因素的综合影响.本文对三角翼大迎角的定常绕流进行一系列数值模拟,详细研究了计算网格等因素对模拟结果的影响.得到了一些有益的结论.     

基于迎风格式数值模拟三角翼涡流场

本文应用基于有限体积方法的高精度迎风格式模拟了三角翼在大迎角条件下的绕流流场。选用不同几何外形的三角翼，由计算结果可以清楚的看到前缘自由剪切层的发展，涡的形成及其复杂的相互作用。     

共轭梯度方法在求解不可压N-S方程中的应用

采用非结构网格上的SIMPLE(Semi-implicit Method for Pressure-linked Equations)算法、k-ε湍流模型求解了三维不可压Navier-stokes方程,对低速不可压粘性流场进行数值模拟,在求解压强方程时采用共轭梯度方法,求解其它变量方程时,采用预处理的BICG(biconjugate gradients)算法.对NACA0012翼型绕流流场和飞艇绕流流场进行数值模拟并对结果进行分析,取得较好的结果.     

绕跨声速三角翼的激波/涡干扰流场数值模拟

 在绕三角翼的跨声速流动中,随着迎角的增加,三角翼上的涡破裂位置会出现突然前移的现象。针对这一与亚声速下不同的流动现象,采用带曲率修正的Spalart-Allmaras(SAR)湍流模型,求解定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程,对不同迎角下绕65°后掠尖前缘三角翼的跨声速流动进行数值模拟,并在此基础上,采用基于SAR湍流模型的脱体涡模拟(DES)方法,对由激波干扰导致的前缘涡破裂位置的运动规律进行了初步探讨。模拟结果与试验结果对比表明:SAR湍流模型能准确地模拟出三角翼上的激波系统和旋涡结构,并能准确模拟出由于激波干扰导致的涡破裂位置突然前移的现象。此外,对涡破裂后流场的非定常数值研究发现,支架前端正激波的干扰作用使得涡破裂位置向下游移动比较突然,而向上游移动则相对缓慢。     

导弹大迎角下非线性诱导滚转力矩数值研究

采用计算流体力学（CFD）数值模拟方法,研究战术导弹大迎角状态下涡破裂导致滚转力矩随迎角非线性增长引起舵面控制能力不足的现象。首先通过标准模型的数值分析,验证了所采用的CFD方法具有三角翼前缘涡破裂现象的捕捉能力;然后采用雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程对某“++”字正常布局导弹构型（含弹翼、弹身、尾舵和整流罩等）进行了数值模拟,结果显示亚声速状态下滚转力矩在迎角大于20°时出现非线性增长,导致全动尾舵的滚转控制能力不足。通过分解各部件对滚转力矩的贡献,并分析流场结构,探明了该现象发生的流动机理,其主要原因是：随着迎角的增长,弹体迎风面的尾舵前缘涡首先发生破裂,导致其平衡诱导滚转力矩的作用被削弱。     

大迎角翼—身组合体涡流特性计算

论述了用非线性离散涡法来模拟大迎角下翼－身组合体涡流绕流的计算模型及计算方法；给出了一个典型翼－身组合体的涡流流态计算结果及非线性气动特性和截面压强分布。     

三角翼大攻角绕流数值模拟研究

采用Harten-Yee的二阶精度隐式TVD格式对N-S方程进行数值模拟,研究了后掠角为65°和70°的三角翼绕流的流场特性。计算结果表明：TVD格式中限制器函数的选取对于三角翼绕流结构的计算结果具有较重要的影响。结合张涵信的旋涡定性分析理论对旋涡的发展过程进行研究,此外,还对二次涡破裂现象和网格分布影响等问题进行了探讨。     

三角翼无尾布局全动翼尖的操纵性能研究

基于变前掠翼(VFSW)布局,采用Navier-Stokes控制方程的有限体积法离散格式,选取剪切应力输运(SST)湍流模型,对VFSW中三角翼飞行器全动翼尖(AMT)的流场进行数值分析。首先,通过未带机翼前缘延伸的三角翼试验模型验证了数值模拟算法的精度;其次,研究了三角翼无尾布局在超声速时AMT的操纵性能;最后,采用可视化方法分析了AMT的流场和作用机理。AMT计算结果表明:迎角对AMT偏航特性影响轻微,超声速时最大设计舵偏量的偏航力矩系数约为0.02,但偏航力矩和滚转力矩具有耦合性;耦合滚转力矩在局部大迎角时易反向,而舵面失升是滚转反向的根本原因;AMT的偏航作用线性较好,作动效率较高,消除不利滚转后是变前掠翼布局一种极具潜力的航向操纵面。     

三维副翼铰链力矩计算

 数值模拟了带副翼偏转构型的二维、三维亚、跨、超声速来流情况的绕流流场，采用有限体积方法和AUSM+迎风格式数值求解N-S方程，四步龙格-库塔时间推进，湍流模型为Baldwin-Lomax和Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型。二维模拟压强分布与实验数据以及CFD软件模拟结果吻合较好。采用交错对接网格，数值模拟了不同副翼偏角和缝隙、来流马赫数、迎角和雷诺数的三维构型流场。通过舵面铰链力矩与实验数据的对比分析表明了该数值方法模拟此类复杂流场的可靠性和舵面铰链力矩计算的有效性。发现并研究了亚声速来流时铰链力矩随迎角的反向变化趋势，初步分析了副翼的缝隙和雷诺数效应。     

Supersonic flow over a pitching delta wing using surface pressure measurements and numerical simulations

Experimental and numerical methods were applied to investigating high subsonic and supersonic flows over a 60° swept delta wing in fixed state and pitching oscillation.Static pressure coefficient distributions over the wing leeward surface and the hysteresis loops of pressure coefficient versus angle of attack at the sensor locations were obtained by wind tunnel tests.Similar results were obtained by numerical simulations which agreed well with the experiments.Flow structure around the wing was also demonstrated by the numerical simulation.Effects of Mach number and angle of attack on pressure distribution curves in static tests were investigated.Effects of various oscillation parameters including Mach number, mean angle of attack, pitching amplitude and frequency on hysteresis loops were investigated in dynamic tests and the associated physical mechanisms were discussed.Vortex breakdown phenomenon over the wing was identified at high angles of attack using the pressure coefficient curves and hysteresis loops, and its effects on the flow features were discussed.     

基于自适应混合网格的脱体涡模拟

基于混合网格和CGNS（CFD General Notation System）数据结构,建立了一种各向同性加密/稀疏的网格自适应方法。在悬空点的后处理中,让含有悬空点的单元转化为任意多面体,从而简化了自适应单元剖分模版,同时自适应网格单元之间可完全相容,自适应生成的网格能够直接用于可处理任意多面体的流场求解器。将该自适应方法与脱体涡模拟（DES）算法相结合,开展了65°后掠三角翼大迎角流动的数值模拟应用,并与初始网格的模拟结果进行了详细比较。对比表明：采用网格自适应方法适当增加局部网格量,能够以较小的成本迅速提高三角翼背风区的空间分辨率,增强数值模拟对小尺度涡系结构的解析能力,从而弥补了基于混合网格的脱体涡模拟中常用二阶格式计算的空间分辨率相对偏低、不利于湍流多尺度结构精细模拟的不足。     

Instability analysis and drag coefficient prediction on a swept RAE2822 wing with constant lift coefficient

Swept wing is widely used in civil aircraft,whose airfoil is chosen,designed and optimized to increase the cruise speed and decrease the drag coefficient.The parameters of swept wing,such as sweep angle and angle of attack,are determined according to the cruise lift coefficient requirement,and the drag coefficient is expected to be predicted accurately,which involves the instability characteristics and transition position of the flow.The pressure coefficient of the RAE2822 wing with given constant lift coefficient is obtained by solving the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation numerically,and then the mean flow is calculated by solving the boundary layer(BL) equation with spectral method.The cross-flow instability characteristic of boundary layer of swept wing in the windward and leeward is analyzed by linear stability theory(LST),and the transition position is predicted by eNmethod.The drag coefficient is numerically predicted by introducing a laminar/turbulent indicator.A simple approach to calculate the lift coefficient of swept wing is proposed.It is found that there is a quantitative relationship between the angle of attack and sweep angle when the lift coefficient keeps constant;when the angle of attack is small,the flow on the leeward of the wing is stable.when the angle of attack is larger than 3°,the flow becomes unstable quickly;with the increase of sweep angle or angle of attack the disturbance on the windward becomes more unstable,leading to the moving forward of the transition position to the leading edge of the wing;the drag coefficient has two significant jumping growth due to the successive occurrence of transition in the windward and the leeward;the optimal range of sweep angle for civil aircraft is suggested.     

使用RANS/LES混合方法对钝前缘三角翼进行数值模拟(英文)

阐述了建立在一方程湍流模型基础上的分离涡模型(DES)和延迟脱体涡模型(DDES),它们很好地模拟了壁面附近的小尺度流动。该方法在大攻角分离流区域,使用了亚格子应力的Smagorinsky大涡数值模拟,模拟亚音速旋涡流动。使用大攻角下的钝前缘65°大后掠三角翼模型,研究了CFD对涡的发展、破裂以及复杂涡的发展和演变的模拟能力。研究结果说明了方法对模拟分离流动是可行的。     

齐莫曼翼与反齐莫曼翼空间流场测量对比分析

在低速风洞内,分别对齐莫曼翼和反齐莫曼翼的气动特性进行了测量,并应用PIV测试技术测量了两种微型飞行器机翼的空间流场,给出了空间流场的速度矢量图、涡量图和流线图。通过对比分析给出了两种机翼气动特性产生差别的主要流动机理。     

大型客机低速构型高雷诺数风洞腹撑支架干扰数值模拟

风洞到飞行相关性修正是获取现代大型客机低速气动特性的重要手段，通常采用增压提高风洞试验雷诺数，而支架干扰修正是该修正体系的一个关键环节。采用数值模拟研究了增压风洞腹撑的支架干扰，并分析了腹撑对飞机各部件的干扰及其对风洞流场的影响。通过数值模拟与风洞试验对比，表明升力系数相差0.006，阻力系数最大相差0.001 2，俯仰力矩系数最大相差0.01，验证了CFD数值模拟方法的可靠性。CFD计算结果表明：腹撑使得全机升力增加、阻力减小，俯仰力矩增加；腹撑对升力影响的主要部件是机翼，腹撑使得风洞中心以上动压增加，提升上翼面流速，从而增加了机翼的升力；与传统认识不同的是腹撑对阻力影响为负，且主要影响部件为缝翼，原因为缝翼下偏使得法矢分量向前从而减小了阻力；腹撑对俯仰力矩影响的主要部件是机身及平尾。研究结果揭示了腹撑对飞机气动特性影响的量级、主要影响部件及其流场变化，可为支架干扰数据修正及支架优化设计提供参考。所得结论可更好用于支架干扰试验的开展及风洞到飞行数据的修正，具有一定的工程实用性。     

双三角翼俯仰振荡运动的流场特性数值模拟

 建立了适用于双三角翼大迎角非定常分离流场模拟的数值方法,研究双三角翼俯仰振荡时的动态流场特性,给出动态流场结构和气动力性能随迎角的变化规律,重点考察了减缩频率、转轴位置、平均迎角和振幅等参数对动态流场迟滞效应和气动力曲线迟滞环的影响。研究结果表明:俯仰振荡到相同大迎角时上仰和下俯的流场存在明显差异;减缩频率对气动力迟滞效应的影响相对大于转轴位置;平均迎角的变化导致双三角翼背风区流场结构呈现不同流态,而振幅的大小决定这些流态的数目,事实上俯仰运动时如果跨越的流态数目越多则流场结构的动态响应滞后现象就越显著。通过数值分析,有利于提高对双三角翼在俯仰振荡运动条件下的非定常特性和流场滞后效应等非线性现象的认识。     

基于DES方法的三角翼激波-涡干扰流场数值模拟

采用基于Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型的脱体涡模拟（DES）方法,数值求解Navier-Stokes方程,模拟绕尖前缘三角翼的跨音速流动,并对三角翼上翼面的复杂激波-旋涡干扰流场进行了分析。与NASA兰利研究中心的NTF风洞实验结果对比分析表明,DES方法能很好地模拟跨音速三角翼上的旋涡流动。随着攻角由中度攻角增加到大攻角,支架附近的激波越来越强,对主分离涡的干扰作用越来越大,直至出现激波干扰导致的涡破裂。激波的形状、位置及涡破裂位置均与实验结果吻合良好。     

Transonic wing stall of a blended flying wing common research model based on DDES method

Numerical simulation of wing stall of a blended flying wing configuration at transonic speed was conducted using both delayed detached eddy simulation(DDES) and unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS) equations methods based on the shear stress transport(SST) turbulence model for a free-stream Mach number 0.9 and a Reynolds number 9.6 × 10~6. A joint time step/grid density study is performed based on power spectrum density(PSD) analysis of the frequency content of forces or moments, and medium mesh and the normalized time scale0.010 were suggested for this simulation. The simulation results show that the DDES methods perform more precisely than the URANS method and the aerodynamic coefficient results from DDES method compare very well with the experiment data. The angle of attack of nonlinear vortex lift and abrupt wing stall of DDES results compare well with the experimental data. The flow structure of the DDES computation shows that the wing stall is caused mainly by the leeward vortex breakdown which occurred at x/x_(cr)= 0.6 at angle of attack of 14°. The DDES methods show advantage in the simulation problem with separation flow. The computed result shows that a shock/vortex interaction is responsible for the wing stall caused by the vortex breakdown. The balance of the vortex strength and axial flow, and the shock strength, is examined to provide an explanation of the sensitivity of the breakdown location. Wing body thickness has a great influence on shock and shock/vortex interactions, which can make a significant difference to the vortex breakdown behavior and stall characteristic of the blended flying wing configuration.