钝前缘三角翼无人机气动特性研究

三角翼布局因其优良的气动特性在军用飞机和无人机上获得了广泛应用.为了研究钝前缘三角翼无人机的气动特性,首先采用求解雷诺平均N-S方程的方法对NASA钝前缘三角翼标模进行对比计算,以验证计算方法的可靠度;然后对无人机四个升降舵偏角的气动力和流场特性进行分析研究.结果表明:三角翼无人机在升力系数较小时具有较高的升阻比,当迎角小于1 5°时,钝前缘三角翼前缘气流附体、吸力较高,翼面的横向流动不明显,使飞机的升阻比提高;当迎角大于15°后,涡流特征起主导作用,使得飞机在直到40°迎角范围内没有出现大面积气流分离,具有良好的俯仰稳定性,升降舵效率较高.钝前缘三角翼气动布局在翼展受限、翼载较小的条件下具有一定的气动特性优势.     

洞壁对过失速非定常三角翼涡破碎位置的影响

在南航低速风洞中用两组后掠角分别为６５°和７０°的三角翼模型进行了过失速非定常涡破碎位置测定实验。各组模型几何相似,展长与风洞宽度之比分别为０．１７５,０．３５和０．７。涡及其破碎点位置由ＴｉＣｌ４烟流显示并由相机记录。实验表明,同样攻角条件下,随着模型加大涡破碎点位置不断后移     

Effects of sweep angles on turbulent separation behaviors induced by blunt fin

An experimental study was conducted on turbulent separation behaviors induced by blunt fins with different sweep angles at Mach number 6.0. The Nano-particle based Planar Laser Scattering technique(NPLS) was applied to visualize the flowfield, complemented by pressure tests.Sweep angles of the fins were 10°, 20°,...,60°, with the same leading edge diameter of 10 mm. Fine structures of the interference flowfield induced by blunt fins have been obtained, including the shock systems and vortexes. I...     

Effects of coarse riblets on air flow structures over a slender delta wing using particle image velocimetry

This research investigates the aerodynamic performance and flow characteristics of a delta wing with 65° sweep angle and with coarse axial riblets,and then compares with that of a smooth-surface delta wing.Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV)were utilized to visualize the flow over the wing at 6 cross-sections upright to the wing surface and parallel to the wing span,as well as 3 longitudinal sections on the leading edge,symmetry plane,and a plane between them at Angles of Attack(AOA)=20°and 30°and Re=1.2×10~5,2.4×10~5,and 3.6×10~5.The effects of the riblets were studied on the vortices diameter,vortex breakdown location,vortices distance from the wing surface,flow lines pattern nearby the wing,circulation distribution,and separation.The results show that the textured model has a positive effect on some of the parameters related to drag reduction and lift increase.The riblets increase the flow momentum near the wing’s upper surface except near the apex.They also increase the flow momentum behind the wing.     

机翼动态气动特性实验研究

介绍了动态特性风洞实验的技术方案、测试系统和测试软件。对前缘后掠６０°的三角翼在迎角０°～９０°范围内快速上仰时的升力进行了测量。结果表明：机翼快速上仰时,随上仰速率增大最大升力系数增高,即动态升力效应更明显;失速迎角也增大。此外,给出了简缩频率、平均迎角、振荡振幅以及俯仰轴位置等对振荡机翼产生的非定常瞬时力的影响     

Parameter study on lateral moments of banked wings in ground effect

Ground effect dramatically improves the performance of the Wing-in-Ground(WIG)vehicles near the ground. However, making coordinate turnings in ground effect zone may raise complexity in flight control. The Angle of Attack(AOA) and height are believed to be important factors. To find the impact of these factors, three straight rectangular wings with different aspect ratios are simulated via CFD approach. The results show that in normal situations, the rolling moment tends to level the wing but le...     

An experimental study of elastic properties of dragonfly-like flapping wings for use in biomimetic micro air vehicles (BMAVs)

This article studies the elastic properties of several biomimetic micro air vehicle (BMAV) wings that are based on a dragonfly wing. BMAVs are a new class of unmanned micro-sized air vehicles that mimic the flapping wing motion of flying biological organisms (e.g., insects, birds, and bats). Three structurally identical wings were fabricated using different materials: acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polylactic acid (PLA), and acrylic. Simplified wing frame structures were fabricated from these materials and then a nanocomposite film was adhered to them which mimics the membrane of an actual dragonfly. These wings were then attached to an electromagnetic actu-ator and passively flapped at frequencies of 10–250 Hz. A three-dimensional high frame rate imag-ing system was used to capture the flapping motions of these wings at a resolution of 320 pixels × 240 pixels and 35000 frames per second. The maximum bending angle, maximum wing tip deflection, maximum wing tip twist angle, and wing tip twist speed of each wing were measured and compared to each other and the actual dragonfly wing. The results show that the ABS wing has considerable flexibility in the chordwise direction, whereas the PLA and acrylic wings show better conformity to an actual dragonfly wing in the spanwise direction. Past studies have shown that the aerodynamic performance of a BMAV flapping wing is enhanced if its chordwise flexibility is increased and its spanwise flexibility is reduced. Therefore, the ABS wing (fabricated using a 3D printer) shows the most promising results for future applications.     

后掠翼三维鼓包串激波控制参数的影响

针对跨声速后掠翼,三维鼓包串作为一种有效的减阻方式具有结构简单、高效及鲁棒性好等优点.利用全局优化算法探索了鼓包设计参数空间的整体特性,并对鼓包长度、三维鼓包展向设计参数对鼓包减阻效果的影响进行了研究,发现鼓包顶点位置和高度对阻力系数最敏感,三维鼓包的展向设计参数则对阻力系数不敏感,而鼓包长度和鼓包相对展长越长越有利于减阻.在此基础上开展了小后掠角自然层流机翼加3种不同类型鼓包串的优化研究,通过优化结果发现,增加优化后的三维鼓包串,可将小后掠角自然层流机翼阻力发散马赫数向后推移,并且鼓包平均长度和控制区越大,效果越好.三维鼓包串具有良好的局部控制特性,可用于局部较强激波的抑制.三维鼓包串对常规后掠翼波阻具有良好的控制效果,同时能够抑制激波诱导的机翼后缘气流分离.      

形状记忆合金扭力驱动器的力学模型和实验研究

扭力驱动是自适应翼面驱动技术中的一个关键问题。将镍钛形状记忆合金 (Ni Ti SMA)丝与薄壁圆管相结合,可以构成 SMA扭力驱动器。介绍了 SMA扭力驱动器的构造,建立了扭力驱动器在激励过程中的力学模型,分析了驱动器的扭转角与温度之间的关系,并进行了实验验证。     

翼吊长涵道发动机短舱内偏角优化和机理研究

翼吊式发动机短舱是现代大中型飞机最常采用的气动布局形式,发动机短舱及挂架相对于机翼的展向位置、弦向位置、垂向位置、内偏角、安装角均会对它们之间的流场产生影响,进而影响全机的气动特性。本文采用CFD数值计算的方法,对翼吊长涵道发动机短舱的内偏角进行优化分析。对比分析了不同内偏角时,高速巡航状态的干扰阻力和低速大迎角状态的失速特性,研究了高速巡航时挂架内侧出现高负压峰值的机理,以及不同剖面形状的挂架对内偏角优化的影响。计算结果表明：内偏角-0.5°、0°和0.5°时,干扰阻力及升力损失较小,不同剖面形状的挂架不会对内偏角优化结果产生较大影响,但可以减小挂架内侧的负压峰值。本文得出的结论对工程上翼下吊挂外挂物有一定的指导意义。     

绕钝前缘机翼跨音速势流的松弛计算及其稳定性与收敛性讨论

本文在机翼钝前缘处用精确速势方程和精确的边界条件,其他地方用纵向大扰动而横向小扰动的速势方程和相应的边界条件,联立求解。数值算例1为矩形机翼,展弦比λ=12,翼剖面为NACA0012,自由流的马赫数M_∞=0.63,迎角α=2°,翼根剖面压力分布的计算结果与二元亚音速精确数值解（Sells,1968）接近。算例2为NACA RM A51G31实验的机翼,垂直于1/4弦线的翼剖面为NACA64A010,其后退角χ_1/4=45°,λ=3,根梢比η=2,M_∞=0.4,0.8,0.9,α=2°。计算与实验接近。 本文建立跨音速定常小扰动速势差分方程的线松弛改进迭代在局部线化假设下的稳定性条件和松弛解收敛到原来的微分方程解的条件。这些条件大多数与数值实验相符。     

Supersonic flow over a pitching delta wing using surface pressure measurements and numerical simulations

Experimental and numerical methods were applied to investigating high subsonic and supersonic flows over a 60° swept delta wing in fixed state and pitching oscillation.Static pressure coefficient distributions over the wing leeward surface and the hysteresis loops of pressure coefficient versus angle of attack at the sensor locations were obtained by wind tunnel tests.Similar results were obtained by numerical simulations which agreed well with the experiments.Flow structure around the wing was also demonstrated by the numerical simulation.Effects of Mach number and angle of attack on pressure distribution curves in static tests were investigated.Effects of various oscillation parameters including Mach number, mean angle of attack, pitching amplitude and frequency on hysteresis loops were investigated in dynamic tests and the associated physical mechanisms were discussed.Vortex breakdown phenomenon over the wing was identified at high angles of attack using the pressure coefficient curves and hysteresis loops, and its effects on the flow features were discussed.     

基于CFD的变后掠翼单速度最优后掠角预测模型

为延长飞行器续航时间,探索变后掠翼飞行器控制规律,根据新型变后掠翼飞行器模型,探究了通过飞行器速度及迎角来控制弹翼后掠角度,以达到最优气动性能,从而使该飞行器获得更长续航力.选取飞行马赫数为0.4～0.8、前缘后掠角度为15°～45°内的39个关键点,在迎角为0°～14°范围内进行CFD仿真,将仿真结果在不同数学模型下...     

Numerical investigation of unsteady vortex breakdown past 80°/65° double-delta wing

An improved delayed detached eddy simulation （IDDES） method based on the k-x-SST （shear stress transport） turbulence model was applied to predict the unsteady vortex breakdown past an 80o/65o double-delta wing （DDW）, where the angles of attack （AOAs） range from 30° to 40°. Firstly, the IDDES model and the relative numerical methods were validated by simulating the massively separated flow around an NACA0021 straight wing at the AOA of 60°. The fluctuation properties of the lift and pressure coefficients were analyzed and compared with the available measurements. For the DDW case, the computations were compared with such mea-surements as the mean lift, drag, pitching moment, pressure coefficients and breakdown locations. Furthermore, the unsteady properties were investigated in detail, such as the frequencies of force and moments, pressure fluctuation on the upper surface, typical vortex breakdown patterns at three moments, and the distributions of kinetic turbulence energy at a stream wise section. Two dominated modes are observed, in which their Strouhal numbers are 1.0 at the AOAs of 30°, 32° and 34° and 0.7 at the AOAs of 36o, 38° and 40°. The breakdown vortex always moves upstream and downstream and its types change alternatively. Furthermore, the vortex can be identified as breakdown or not through the mean pressure, root mean square of pressure, or even through correlation analysis.     

Aerodynamic investigation of twist angle variation based on wing smarting for a flying wing

In this paper, the effects of twist angle variation on aerodynamic coefficients and flow field on the wing with wing smarting approach are studied using numerical simulation. The simulation was performed using incompressible Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations based on the two-equation k-ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulent model for flow speed 30 m/s and a Reynolds number of 69000. Investigations have been carried out for several twist angles and at a specific range of angles of attack. The twist applied is the type of geometric twist (wash-out), which is linearly distributed along the span. The test case is a lambda-shaped tailless aircraft with a wing fracture on the trailing edge, and a sweep angle 56°. The results show that with increasing twist angle, the aerodynamic efficiency improves over a wide range of angles of attack, but at 0° angle of attack it will decrease significantly. By increasing the angle of attack, the effect of twist on the flow field and aerodynamic coefficients will gradually decrease; hence, at a certain amount of angle of attack, the effect of twist will stop, that angle is called the neutral brink angle. Longitudinal stability analysis shows that by growing the twist angle, the conditions required for longitudinal stability are satisfied, and the pitch-up phenomenon will be delayed.     

新型无尾联接翼布局气动特性研究

提出一种上下错开的无尾联接翼,即前翼或者后翼上反一定角度,使得前后翼垂直方向的相对距离从翼根处开始到翼梢处逐渐增大,以达到减小前后翼气动干扰的目的,搭接的小翼具有翼梢小翼作用,可有效减小诱导阻力。采用基于RANS方程的数值方法,研究了前后翼分别上反10°,20°和30°时对总体气动特性的影响,结果表明,当前翼上反且上反角为30°时其联接翼系统气动性能最佳。对该联接翼布局在Ma=0.85,0.95和1.20下进行了数值分析,结果表明,其升力系数变化较小,阻力系数在Ma0.85后才急剧增大,有应用于未来跨声速/超声速客机布局的潜力。     

Experimental study of flow field distribution over a generic cranked double delta wing

The flow fields over a generic cranked double delta wing were investigated. Pressure and velocity distributions were obtained using a Pitot tube and a hot wire anemometer. Two different leading edge shapes, namely ‘‘sharp" and ‘‘round", were applied to the wing. The wing had two sweep angles of 55° and 30°. The experiments were conducted in a closed circuit wind tunnel at velocity 20 m/s and angles of attack of 5°–20° with the step of 5°. The Reynolds number of the model was about 2 ×10~5 according to the root chord. A dual vortex structure was formed above the wing surface. A pressure drop occurred at the vortex core and the root mean square of the measured velocity increased at the core of the vortices, reflecting the instability of the flow in that region. The magnitude of power spectral density increased strongly in spanwise direction and had the maximum value at the vortex core. By increasing the angle of attack, the pressure drop increased and the vortices became wider; the vortices moved inboard along the wing, and away from the surface; the flow separation was initiated from the outer portion of the wing and developed to its inner part. The vortices of the wing of the sharp leading edge were stronger than those of the round one.     

机翼前缘后掠角对飞机RCS影响的数值模拟

为了在飞机总体设计时改善其隐身性能,对机翼前缘后掠角参数化可调的飞机三维数字样机的RCS特性进行了研究。使用CATIA软件,建立机翼前缘后掠角参数化可调的飞机三维数字样机;基于物理光学法和等效电磁流法,采用RCSAnsys软件,使用X波段雷达对飞机进行探测,雷达入射波的俯仰角在-15＆#176;、0＆#176;和15＆#176;条件下,数值模拟机翼前缘后掠角在-30＆#176;~＋60＆#176;之间变化时飞机的RCS特性,并对数值模拟结果进行数理统计分析。在机翼前缘后掠角变化的条件下,飞机RCS特性数值模拟结果表明：飞机头向RCS峰值之一的方位角与机翼前缘后掠角的角度相等;飞机头向RCS算术平均值特性为直机翼大、前掠翼和后掠翼小、大后掠翼更小;飞机侧向和尾向的RCS算术平均值变化相对不大。     

外涵静子后掠对某风扇/增压级气动特性的影响

针对某大涵道比风扇/增压级外涵静子后掠降噪的优化设计目标,采用1种周向平均快速特性预测计算方法和3维数值模拟软件NUMECA,对其100％设计转速下外涵静子无后掠及轴向后掠22.5°和30°算例的特性曲线及流场进行了对比分析,以研究外涵静子轴向后掠对风扇/增压级特性及气动性能的影响规律.结果表明:一定程度的轴向后掠角度会使静子表面静压在叶尖处增强,而根部的叶片表面静压分布更趋均匀,风扇/增压级的外涵气动特性在裕度上无明显恶化;但严重的后掠角度则会导致叶尖叶片表面载荷显著增加,从而造成外涵的喘振裕度减小,进而影响整个风扇/增压级的气动性能.     

螺旋桨滑流对短舱/机翼构型尾迹流场的影响

螺旋桨滑流对飞机机翼表面流动和尾迹流场有重要的影响，进而改变机翼和飞机的性能。本文通过风洞试验方法开展了螺旋桨滑流对尾迹流场的影响研究。试验模型为后掠角4°、带增升装置的螺旋桨/短舱/机翼模型，试验构型包括襟翼收回和襟翼打开，试验策略是在两种构型下分别同时模拟真实飞行状态的拉力系数和前进比。通过比较有/无螺旋桨时空间尾迹流场的速度场和流动偏角等，分析滑流在尾迹流场中的发展规律和影响范围，研究尾迹流场中滑流的加速效应、下洗和侧洗效应等。结果表明，在滑流作用下，机翼远后方流场参数在机翼展向和垂直方向上均呈现复杂的变化；同时，襟翼收回和襟翼打开构型的滑流效应有明显的区别，影响规律也有所不同。