基于双频GPS观测的电离层TEC与硬件延迟反演方法

利用全球定位系统（Global Positioning System,GPS）的双频观测数据反演得到电离层的总电子含量（Total Electron Content,TEC）,使得广域甚至全球范围高时空分辨率的电离层观测研究成为可能,但由于GPS卫星和接收机对信号的硬件延迟可导致TEC测量系统偏差,因此,需要探索反演TEC并估测GPS卫星与接收机硬件延迟的有效算法.本文根据电离层电波传播理论,阐述了基于双频GPS观测提取电离层TEC的方法,给出TEC与硬件延迟的基本关系.综合研究了TEC与硬件延迟的反演方法,进行分析与归纳分类,在此基础上提出了有待深入研究的问题.      

用GPS 观测研究电离层TEC 水平梯度

双频GPS 用户能自动修正电离层总电子含量(TEC) 引起的延时误差, 但是对于电离层中的不规则体造成的信号闪烁而引起的误差则不能消除. 即使是差分GPS 系统, 电离层误差仍然是其主要的误差源, 其中电离层TEC 梯度将会影响到系统的定位精度和性能. 本文用GPS 方法研究了电离层TEC 的水平梯度问题, 用处于赤道异常区NTUS 台站的GPS 观测数据作了具体计算. 结果表明, 在日落以后到子夜前后电离层垂直TEC 出现了大的涨落, 电离层中的不规则体导致L 波段信号强的闪烁, 同时还伴随着大而快速变化的电离层~TEC 水平梯度. 对比发现, ROTI指数、电离层TEC 水平梯度和电离层垂直TEC 三者之间有很好的对应关系, 它们的变化特征均由电离层中的不规则体引起. 我们认为研究电离层闪烁, 特别是在缺乏S4指数时, 电离层TEC 梯度也可以作为一个重要的可选参数.      

GPS多径信号建模及接收机测试评估

多径信号误差是GPS(Global Positioning System)及其它卫星导航系统的重要误差源之一,有关多径建模与多径消除技术一直是卫星导航领域的研究热点.根据多径信号特性,推导了对GPS定位精度影响最大的镜面反射多径信号模型.基于这一多径模型,利用GPS软件接收机测试了多径对接收机伪距测量精度的影响.测试结果验证了所建立的多径模型的有效性,所获得的多径误差曲线为窄相关多径抑制技术提供了实验支持.     

基于星载AIS数据的TEC测量方法

基于星载船舶自动识别系统（AIS），提出一种计算全球电离层电子总含量（TEC）的方法。通过在卫星上搭载两个相互垂直的线极化天线，测量AIS信号穿过电离层时的法拉第旋转角，再通过法拉第旋转角与TEC的关系估算TEC。基于天拓五号卫星的AIS数据进行了实验验证，并分析了硬件设备误差和观测参数误差对结果造成的影响。实验表明，本方法测量出的TEC值与基于全球定位系统（GPS）测量的TEC值差值平均为0.762 TECU，证明了此方法的可行性。与现有的TEC测量方法相比，该方法只需利用现有的AIS系统，无需部署地面站，可大幅提高数据更新速率。      

GPS卫星信标信噪比的统计分析

GPS卫星信标信噪比(SNR)受到卫星上的发射机增益、地面站的接收机增益、卫星与接收机之间的几何距离、接收机处的仰角、信标传播路径上电离层介质衰减等因素的共同影响.首先提出了一种从SNR观测数据中分离出SNR在电离层中衰减的算法,并应用于MANA接收站(273.751°E,12.149°N)2003年的观测数据,得到了一个电离层介质引起的对L波段信标SNR衰减日变化的平均情况.通过与IRI模式计算的电波垂直穿过电离层时衰减的SNR比较发现,由我们得到的SNR在电波垂直穿过电离层时的衰减与IRI模式计算的衰减随地方时的变化符合得比较好.      

单接收机GNSS数据组合硬件延迟的联合求解方法

利用GNSS观测数据解算TEC的最大误差源是硬件延迟,包括卫星硬件延迟和接收机硬件延迟.在单接收机情况下,由于数据稀疏以及接收到的卫星信号时间不对齐等特点,已有的解算硬件延迟方法的求解结果往往不理想.在应用局域模式拟合方法和SCORE方法求解单接收机数据基础上,利用局域模型拟合法在电离层平静期拟合较准确的优点,提出一种联合改进方法,同时改正了SCORE方法解算过程中约束过强的缺点.通过利用GPStation-6接收机的GPS和BDS实际观测数据进行解算分析,验证了所提方法的有效性与准确性.      

GPS授时校频方法研究与试验结果

为了解决多目标综合测量系统各测站之间时间同步和频率校准问题,提出了利用GPS(Global Positioning System)单星或多星共视方法进行站间时间同步与校频,给出了这两种方法的计算公式,分析了星历误差、星钟误差、电离层折射误差、对流层折射误差、多径效应和接收机硬件延迟对时间同步精度的影响.为了验证GPS授时校频精度,进行了相关试验.通过与铯原子钟比对,表明利用GPS可实现纳秒级时间同步,校频精度也优于5.0×10-11,多星共视具有更高的同步校频精度.      

地磁暴期间北半球高纬度地区电离层变化特征及对精密定位的影响

基于加拿大地区高纬度电离层观测网的电离层闪烁观测数据,分析了2018年8月26日地磁暴事件引发的北半球高纬度地区电离层总电子含量（TEC）异常变化、TEC变化率指数（ROTI）及电离层相位闪烁的变化特征.结果表明:加拿大地区最大异常值约6 TECU,磁暴引发全球电离层TEC异常峰值高达20 TECU;加拿大地区电离层相位闪烁发生率最大增至12.6%,而磁静日期间约为1%;强电离层闪烁期间,电离层相位闪烁指数与ROTI之间具有较强的一致性.对GPS双频精密单点定位（Precise Point Positioning,PPP）结果进行分析发现:无闪烁期间定位误差随测站纬度的增高呈现出增大趋势,但均方根误差小于0.4m;闪烁发生期间各测站的定位误差均显著增大,水平和垂直方向定位误差分别增至约0.9m及1.7m.      

一种用于电离层TEC监测的GNSS信号载波跟踪算法

全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）是电离层TEC监测中应用最普遍的手段. 目前方法通常是在传统导航用途的GNSS接收机输出的原始观测量基础上,经过数据后处理得到电离层TEC信息,其GNSS信号的跟踪处理算法依然采用GNSS导航接收机的算法. 针对GNSS系统用于电离层TEC监测的特殊性,提出一种称为GNSS双频信号和差联合跟踪的新算法,与传统方法相比,该算法直接跟踪电离层TEC的变化,可以提高电离层TEC跟踪的灵敏度和TEC的观测精度,改善电离层TEC监测性能.      

电离层不规则结构对GPS性能的影响

电离层不规则结构的存在可引起无线电信号的幅度和相位发生随机起伏, 这 种电离层闪烁现象会影响全球定位系统(Global Positioning System, GPS)的 性能, 降低定位精度, 严重时导致信号失锁. 电离层不规则结构对GPS性能的 影响涉及电离层物理、接收机设计和表征卫星几何分布的精度衰减因子(Dilution of Positioning, DOP)等多方面因素. 本文通过对表征电离层不规则结构参数 的分析, 根据GPS接收机跟踪环路和闪烁信号模型, 综合研究了电离层闪烁对 GPS接收机载波跟踪环和码跟踪环跟踪误差的影响; 结合实际观测, 评述 了电离层不规则结构对单频和双频GPS接收机定位性能的影响, 在此基础上 提出了有待深入研究的问题及具体建议.      

利用RDSS系统测量数据提取电离层TEC参数的研究

提出了一种基于无线测定卫星业务(RDSS)系统观测数据提取电离层TEC参数的方法,利用此方法计算分析了2006年5月地面中心地区电离层垂向TEC的日变化趋势.研究结果表明,利用RDSS系统观测数据提取的电离层垂向TEC,在北京时间每日凌晨0400时左右达到最小值,在午后1400时左右达到最大值,符合电离层TEC参数受太阳活动影响较大的物理规律.结果说明研究方法是可行且有效的,文章还对可能存在的误差进行了探讨.      

Application of neural networks to South African GPS TEC modelling

The propagation of radio signals in the Earth’s atmosphere is dominantly affected by the ionosphere due to its dispersive nature. Global Positioning System (GPS) data provides relevant information that leads to the derivation of total electron content (TEC) which can be considered as the ionosphere’s measure of ionisation. This paper presents part of a feasibility study for the development of a Neural Network (NN) based model for the prediction of South African GPS derived TEC. The South African GPS receiver network is operated and maintained by the Chief Directorate Surveys and Mapping (CDSM) in Cape Town, South Africa. Vertical total electron content (VTEC) was calculated for four GPS receiver stations using the Adjusted Spherical Harmonic (ASHA) model. Factors that influence TEC were then identified and used to derive input parameters for the NN. The well established factors used are seasonal variation, diurnal variation, solar activity and magnetic activity. Comparison of diurnal predicted TEC values from both the NN model and the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI-2001) with GPS TEC revealed that the IRI provides more accurate predictions than the NN model during the spring equinoxes. However, on average the NN model predicts GPS TEC more accurately than the IRI model over the GPS locations considered within South Africa.     

基于硬件信号模拟器的电离层TEC监测仪 差分码偏差长期变化

利用硬件信号模拟器可以标定电离层TEC监测仪的差分码偏差.通过对相同接收机时隔近41.5月进行的两次差分码偏差标定实验,以GPS系统为例分析了硬件标定法得到的差分码偏差随时间的长期变化情况.结果表明:接收机差分码偏差均值从第一次实验的16.122ns增加至第二次实验的16.749ns,在约41.5月的时间内增加约0.627ns,月增量为0.0151ns,增加比较缓慢;第二次实验的差分码偏差标准差也有所增加,但增量也不大（均值分别为0.05ns和0.07ns）.此外,两次标定实验的TEC测量精度（均方根误差）均达到约0.3TECU,对应的差分码偏差误差约0.1ns,这说明该接收机差分码偏差变化的一致性较好.若不加以再次标定,第二次实验时TEC测量误差将增加至约1.8TECU,月增量约为0.0434TECU.      

Estimation and analysis of GPS receiver differential code biases using KGN in Korean Peninsula

The total electron content (TEC) estimation by the Global Positioning System (GPS) can be seriously affected by the differential code biases (DCB), referred to as inter-frequency biases (IFB), of the satellite and receiver so that an accuracy of GPS–TEC value is dependent on the error of DCBs estimation. In this paper, we proposed the singular value decomposition (SVD) method to estimate the DCB of GPS satellites and receivers using the Korean GPS network (KGN) in South Korea. The receiver DCBs of about 49 GPS reference stations in KGN were determined for the accurate estimation of the regional ionospheric TEC. They obtained from the daily solution have large biases ranging from +5 to +27 ns for geomagnetic quiet days. The receiver DCB of SUWN reference station was compared with the estimates of IGS and JPL global ionosphere map (GIM). The results have shown comparatively good agreement at the level within 0.2 ns. After correction of receiver DCBs and knowing the satellite DCBs, the comparison between the behavior of the estimated TEC and that of GIMs was performed for consecutive three days. We showed that there is a good agreement between KASI model and GIMs.     

Towards a GPS-based TEC prediction model for Southern Africa with feed forward networks

In this paper, first results from a national Global Positioning System (GPS) based total electron content (TEC) prediction model over South Africa are presented. Data for 10 GPS receiver stations distributed through out the country were used to train a feed forward neural network (NN) over an interval of at most five years. In the NN training, validating and testing processes, five factors which are well known to influence TEC variability namely diurnal variation, seasonal variation, magnetic activity, solar activity and the geographic position of the GPS receivers were included in the NN model. The database consisted of 1-min data and therefore the NN model developed can be used to forecast TEC values 1 min in advance. Results from the NN national model (NM) were compared with hourly TEC values generated by the earlier developed NN single station models (SSMs) at Sutherland (32.38°S, 20.81°E) and Springbok (29.67°S, 17.88°E), to predict TEC variations over the Cape Town (33.95°S, 18.47°E) and Upington (28.41°S, 21.26°E) stations, respectively, during equinoxes and solstices. This revealed that, on average, the NM led to an improvement in TEC prediction accuracy compared to the SSMs for the considered testing periods.     

Use of varying shell heights derived from ionosonde data in calculating vertical total electron content (TEC) using GPS – New method

The dispersive nature of the ionosphere makes it possible to measure its total electron content (TEC). Thus Global Positioning System, which uses dual-frequency radio signals, is an ideal system to measure TEC. When data from an ionosonde situated in polar region was observed, the height of an approximated thin shell of electrons (shell height) used in GPS studies was seen not to be fixed but rather changing with time. Here we introduce a new method in which we included the varying shell heights derived from the ionosonde to map the slant total electron content from GPS to obtain a more precise vertical total electron content of the ionosphere contrary to some previous methods which used fixed shell heights. In this paper we also compared the ionosonde derived TEC with the GPS derived vertical TEC (vTEC) values. These GPS vTEC values were obtained from GPS slant TEC (sTEC) measurements using both fixed shell height and varying shell heights (from ionosonde measurements). For the polar regions, the varying shell height approach produced better results than the fixed shell height and compared to exponential function, Chapman function seems to be a better function to model the topside ionosphere.     

自相关分析法用于电离层TEC的内插评估

基于2004年实测数据的统计分析,将自相关分析法用于电离层TEC的缺值内插,并进行精度评估.采用上海地区GPS综合应用网和中国地壳运动GPS监测网数据,解算成电离层垂直TEC,对缺值进行了时序内插及评估.结果表明,缺值段内的插值误差一般中间较大,两侧较小,插值误差远小于均方差.将自相关分析法内插结果与线性插值法、抛物线法、三次样条法内插结果进行对比,发现对于缺值较多、变化较复杂的缺值段,其插值精度有明显的提高.采用自相关方法进行内插后,有效减小了由于缺值而引起的局部跳跃变化,可以比较准确地研究TEC变化特性.      

Comparison of Ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) over Sonmiani (Pakistan) with NeQuick-2 and IRI-2012 during July 2014 – June 2015

In this study, Total Electron Content (TEC) observations acquired by a GNSS receiver installed at Sonmiani (Geog. Coord. 25.19°N, 66.74°E, Geomag. Coord. 17.62°N, 141.5°E) are being reported for the first time. The data utilized is hourly instantaneous TEC values during 10 International Quiet Days (IQDs) per month from Jul-14 to Jun-15, totaling 120 observation days for monitoring nominal TEC. The findings confirm the semi-annual trend of TEC over Sonmiani, which lies at the northern crest of Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) region. The TEC measurements are then compared with NeQuick-2 and International Reference Ionosphere (IRI-2012) models. It was found that the TEC values derived from NeQuick-2 are in better agreement with GNSS measurements than those from IRI-2012. The TEC measurements also show seasonal variation which is largest during Equinox months. The TEC value in Dec solstice is higher than the Jun solstice, which confirms that the seasonal anomaly is playing a major role in this region during the course of study.     

武汉站第23周电离层TEC与太阳及地磁活动的相关性分析

利用武汉电离层观测站1997-2007年电离层TEC资料, 采用连续小波变换和交叉小波以及小波相干方法, 分析了该站电离层TEC的周期变化特征以及与太阳和地磁活动之间的关系. 分析结果表明, 武汉站TEC变化的长期趋势主要随太阳活动的强弱而变化; 在局部时域上分别存在128～256d, 256～512d和512d～1024d的周期尺度, 且与同时期的太阳黑子数和地磁Dst指数的周期特征存在很好的对应关系; 太阳黑子数在512～1024d周期尺度上超前TEC变化约1/6个周期; 在准半年的周期尺度上武汉站TEC与地磁Dst指数几乎呈反相位变化, 但TEC对$Dst$指数的这种响应仅在太阳活动高年存在, 具体机理尚需进一步分析研究.      

TEC计算方法探讨和赤道异常北驼峰时空特征测量初析

本文探讨了应用最小曲率原理由单站微分多普勒频移数据计算TEC时所遇到的问题和解决办法。处理了用MX1502大地定位接收机于1989年8月和9月先后在陕西临潼和北京观测的NNSS卫星多普勒频移数据,得到了TEC时空分布曲线。分析这些曲线,得到了TEC赤道异常北驼峰时空特征在太阳活动高年(尤其是8月中旬太阳特大质子事件中)的某些结果。