Cruising Cautiously into Old Chengdu:A Bicycle Adventure in Two Parts Part Ⅱ: Small Muddy Field Road

Reluctantly, I rode back to Zhimin Lu and passed the horrid Athens Towers. At Xinnan Lu I turned right and crossed the Fu River. On the other side of the river Xinnan Lu turns into Hongxing Lu.     

Storybook China: Emei Mountain

The lowing of water buffalo and the squeals of pigs, the trill of bicycle bells and the discord of the karaoke parlors,the cries of hawkers and artisans and the general din of 91 million people packed together cheek-by-jowl. Sichuan assaults the ears, the eyes, and even the nose, as smells of pungent chilies and outhouses overtake you in the crowded city streets.     

Lessons Carved in Stone:Basics of Buddhism at Sichuan''''s Dazu Rock Carvings

Part I DAZU, SICHUAN PROVINCE "See the hungry devil? He eat the man!"the guide exclaimed, holding his charge in rapt attention atop Baoding Shan (Treasure Peak Mountain). He pointed to the Image of Six Ways of Transmigration,a carving of a towering demon that jutted from the cliff's face.     

湾流G700:天空之爱

正湾流公司在网络社交媒体上用"Love is in the air"来形容G700的首次飞行。特意把G700的首飞计划放在2月14日情人节当天,也展现出了湾流对这架最新旗舰机型的高度期待和浓烈爱意。湾流公司在网络社交媒体上用"Love is in the air" 来形容G700的首次飞行。特意把G700的首飞计划放在2020年2月14日情人节当天,也展现出了湾流对这架最新旗舰机型的高度期待和浓烈爱意。     

Role of Thermal Stresses in Degradation of High Power Laser Diodes

Catastrophic degradation of high power laser diodes is due to the generation of extended defects inside the active parts of the laser structure during the laser operation. The mechanism driving the degradation is strongly re- lated to the existence of localized thermal stresses generated during the laser operation. These thermal stresses can overcome the yield strength of the materials forming the active part of the laser diode. Different factors contribute to reduce the laser power threshold for degradation. Among them the thermal transport across the laser structure constitutes a critical issue for the reliability of the device.     

Rotational Motions Excited by Vertical Harmonic Motions

Rotation of a pair of wings was driven by the vertical harmonic motion of a pin inserted into the center hole of the wings.To elucidate the mechanism by which the rotational motion of the wings was excited,the relationship between the wings and the pin was examined by tracking their motions using both displacement measurements and high-speed photography.The motion modes occurred in this study were categorized into five types:slipping,rolling,jumping(without eccentricity),jumping(with eccentricity),and non-rotation.In the case that the hole of the wings was located at a distance from the center of the wings,referred to as″with eccentricity,″the slipping,jumping(with eccentricity),and non-rotation modes resulted.The experimental results showed that the mechanism of the jumping(with eccentricity)was different from that of the other modes(slipping,rolling,jumping(without eccentricity)),which are well known to be driven by the periodical reaction of the wings against the vertical vibration of the pin.It was found that the jumping(with eccentricity)was driven by the non-periodical force with the collision between the wing hole and the pin.     

Thermoelastic Stability of Closed Cylindrical Shell in Supersonic Gas Flow

In a linear framework, the problem of stability of closed cylindrical shell is briefly discussed. The cylin- drical shell is immersed in a supersonic gas flow and under the influence of temperature field varying along the thickness. An unperturbed uniform velocity flow field, directed along the short edges of the shell, is applied. Due to the inhomogeneity of the temperature field distribution across the thickness shell buckling instability occurs. This instability accounts for the deformed shape of the shell, to be referred as the unperturbed state. Stability con- ditions and boundary for the unperturbed state of the system under consideration are presented following the basic theory of aero-thermo-elasticity. The stability boundary depends on the variables characterizing the flow speed, the temperature at the middIe plane of the shell and the temperature gradient in the direction normal to that plane. It is shown that the combined effect of the temperature field and flowing stream regulates the process of stability, and the temperature field can significantly change the flutter critical speed.     

Analysis and Calibration of Internal Flow Force of EjectorPowered Engine Simulator System in Wind Tunnels

The ejector-powered engine simulator(EPES)system is an important piece of equipment in conducting an influence test of the intake and jet flow in low-speed wind tunnels. In this work,through the analysis of the structure and principle of EPES,three parts of the internal flow force were obtained,namely,the additional resistance before the inlet,the internal flow force in the inlet and the thrust produced by the ejector. On the assumption of one -dimensional isentropic adiabatic flow,the theoretical formulae for calculating the forces were derived according to the measured total pressure,static pressure and total temperature of the internal flow section. Subsequently,a calibration tank was used to calibrate the EPES system. On the basis of the characteristics of the EPES system,the process and method of its calibration were designed in detail,and the model installation interface of the calibration tank was reformed. By applying this method,the repeatability accuracy of the inlet flow rate calibration coefficient was less than0.05%,whereas that of the exhaust flow rate and velocity was less than 0.1%. Upon the application of the calibration coefficients to the correction of the wind tunnel experiment data,the results showed good agreement with the numerical simulation results in terms of regularity and magnitude before stall,which validates the reasonableness and feasibility of the calibration method. Analysis of the calibration data also demonstrated the consistency in the variation law and trend between the theoretical calculation and actual measurement of internal flow force,further reflecting the rationality and feasibility of the theoretical calculation. Nevertheless,the numerical difference was large and further widened with a higher ejection flow rate mainly because of the accuracy of flow measurement and the inhomogeneity of internal flow. The thrust deflection angle of EPES is an important factor in correcting this issue. In particular,the thrust deflection angle becomes larger with small ejection flow and becomes smaller with an increase in flow rate,essentially exhibiting a general change of less than 10°.     

Multi-factor Effects on Layout of Solar Collector

Considering the influencing factors of the layout of solar collectors such as the tilt angles,azimuth angles,spacing between collectors and the number of collector rows,a mathematical model of the collected energy of the solar collector with limited area on the horizontal plane is established. Two different optimized models including the cost?benefit model and the minimum annual auxiliary heating energy model are conducted in this paper. The results show that,the collected energy in a year could increase with the increase of the number of collector rows. And the collected solar radiation in a year increases firstly and then decreases with the increase of the collector tilt angles.Furthermore,the collected solar radiation in a year increases firstly and then decreases with the continuous increase of the azimuth angles from-90° to 90°. Taking Nanjing city of China as an example,based on the optimized objective of maximum benefit,the optimal layout of the solar collector array in the area of 200 m2 should include:the number of collector rows is 8,the tilt angle is 40° and the azimuth angle is 0°. Meanwhile,the optimal methods for the optimized objective of minimum annual auxiliary heating energy should include:the number of collector rows is 9,the tilt angle is 50°,and the azimuth angle is 0°.     

Numerical Simulation on Intergranular Microcracks in Interconnect Lines Due to Surface Diffusion Induced by Stress-,Electro-and Thermo-migration

Based on the weak formulation for combined surface diffusion and evaporation-condensation,a governing equation of the finite element is derived for simulating the evolution of intergranular microcracks in copper interconnects induced simultaneously by stressmigration,electromigration and thermomigration. Unlike previously published works,the effect of thermomigration is considered. The results show that thermomigration can contribute to the microcrack splitting and accelerate the drifting process along the direction of the electric field. The evolution of the intergranular microcracks depends on the mechanical stress field,the temperature gradient field,the electric field,the initial aspect ratio and the linewidth. And there exists a critical electric field χ_c,a critical stress field ■,a critical aspect ratio β_c and a critical linewidth ■. When ■or ■,the intergranular microcrack will split into two or three small intergranular microcracks. Otherwise,the microcrack will evolve into a stable shape as it migrates along the interconnect line. The critical stress field,the critical electric field and the critical aspect ratio decrease with a decrease in the linewidth,and the critical linewidth increases with an increase in the electric field and the aspect ratio. The increase of the stress field,the electric field or the aspect ratio and the decrease of the linewidth are not only beneficial for the intergranular microcrack to split but also accelerate the microcrack splitting process.     

MULTI-OBJECTIVE PROGRAMMING FOR AIRPORT GATE REASSIGNMENT

To improve the efficiency of gate reassignment and optimize the plan of gate reassignment,the concept of disruption management is introduced,and a multi-objective programming model for airport gate reassignment is proposed.Considering the interests of passengers and the airport,the model minimizes the total flight delay,the total passengers′walking distance and the number of flights reassigned to other gates different from the planned ones.According to the characteristics of the gate reassignment,the model is simplified.As the multi-objective programming model is hard to reach the optimal solutions simultaneously,a threshold of satisfactory solutions of the model is set.Then a simulated annealing algorithm is designed for the model.Case studies show that the model decreases the total flight delay to the satisfactory solutions,and minimizes the total passengers′walking distance.The least change of planned assignment is also reached.The results achieve the goals of disruption management.Therefore,the model is verified to be effective.     

Critical Discourse Analysis

This paper is about the discourse analysis and illustrate the approach to analysis the Critical discourses and the discourses about the educational situation of China.And it also includes the condensed theoretical support of the Critical discourse analysis and analysis of the sampleⅠof the discourses between an illiterate person and the literate.     

Influence of Patch Side on One-Dimensional Unsteady of Heat-Ray Absorbing Film Thermal Stresses in Window Glass

Heat-ray absorbing film is used to be bonded on the existing sheet glasses of the windows. It is effective for air-conditioning energy saving against the global warming, because it absorbs heat-ray in the thin film and de- creases the incoming heat-ray into the room. On the other hand, the sheet glasses increase the temperature at the surface which the sheet is bonded and sometimes yield heat cracks by thermal stresses. It is important to know the state of thermal stresses accurately in order to develop the heat-ray absorbing film with higher performance and without heat cracks. In this paper, the analysis model is treated as the two-layer plate of the conventional soda sheet glass and the heat-ray absorbing film with different absorptivities. The unsteady temperature and thermal stresses are analyzed and calculated numerically. The influence of the patch side, which the heat-ray absorbing film is bonded at the exterior side or the interior side, on the heat-ray absorbing performance and the thermal stresses is discussed. It is found that the alternative patch side has no effect on the heat-ray absorbing performance and that the patch side is recommended to be interior side from a view point of decreasing thermal stresses against the heat crack of glasses.     

SMOOTHNESS INDICATOR OF WENO SCHEME FOR RESOLVING SHORT WAVE

Based on the traditional fifth-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory(WENO)scheme,a smoothness indicator is introduced to improve the capability of WENO schemes for resolving short waves.In the construction of the new smoothness indicator,the proportion of the first-order term in the original smoothness indicator is reduced by replacing the square of the first-order term with the product of the first-order and the third-order terms.To preserve the fifth-order of convergence rate,the smoothness indicator is combined with the method of Borges,et al.The numerical results show that the proposed schemes are more suitable for simulating turbulent flows or aeroacoustics problems than the previous fifth-order WENO schemes,thanks to its improved resolution on short waves.     

Problem of Circular Hole in Thermopiezoelectric Media with Semi-permeable Thermal Boundary Condition

The semi-permeable boundary condition is proposed to discuss the influence of the thermal conductivity acting on the stress and heat flow around the hole. Based on the Stroh formalism, the closed form solutions are de- rived, the stress and heat flow around the hole are discussed. The results show that the thermal boundary condi- tion has significant influence on the hoop stress and heat flow around the hole. The hoop stress decreases dramatic- ally with the increasement of the thermal conduction coefficient.     

Modeling and Dynamic Analysis for the Foundation of a Blade-Rotor System

In order to achieve the model-based fault monitoring and diagnosis,an accurate model for the rotor system is necessary to locate and quantify faults.Since the dynamic characteristics of a blade-rotor system is influenced by foundation flexibility,the modeling and dynamic analyses on the foundation were sequentially investigated.Firstly,the effect of element size on the model convergence was investigated using the forward difference quotient as the slope of the frequency difference,which found that the model converged when the element size refined to 4mm.Secondly,a modal analysis and a harmonic response analysis were performed to obtain the dynamic characteristics of the foundation structure.Finally,an optimization to the foundation utilizing an additional stiffener was conducted to reduce the foundation response and make the critical speed far away from the working frequency band of 20—50Hz.     

HYBRID CARTESIAN GRID/GRIDLESS METHOD FOR CALCULATING VISCOUS FLOWS OVER MULTI-ELEMENT AIRFOILS

A hybrid Cartesian grid/gridless method is developed for calculating viscous flows over multi-element airfoils. The method adopts an unstructured Cartesian grid to cover most areas of the computational domain and leaves only small region adjacent to the aerodynamic bodies to be filled with the cloud of points used in the gridless methods, which results in a better combination of the computational efficiency of the Cartesian grid and the flexi- bility of the gridless method in handling complex geometries. The clouds of points in the local gridless region are implemented in an anisotropic way according to the features of the thin boundary layer of the viscous flows over the airfoils, and the clouds of points at the vicinity of the interface between the grid and the gridless regions are also controlled by using an adaptive refinement technique during the generation of the unstructured Cartesian grid. An implementation of the resulting hybrid method is presented for solving two-dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes （NS） equations. The simulations of the viscous flows over a RAE2822 airfoil or a two-element airfoil are success- fully carried out, and the obtained results agree well with the available experimental data.     

Optimal Control Strategy for Buck Converter Under Successive Load Current Change

A new control algorithm is presented for digitally controlled dc-dc converters to achieve a fast response under a successive load-change. Under the steady-state condition, the tight voltage regulation is processed by the conventional digital PID compensator. If the load disturbance is significant, the controller switches to an optimal control scheme. With the integration of the capacitor current, the proposed algorithm predicts the optimal switch over time based on the charge balance control, and the minimal voltage derivation and recovery time are thus achieved when the load current has a successive load-change. The method for calculating the optimal switch over time is described, and the implementation of the proposed algorithm with a digital controller is treated in detail. Furthermore, the simulation and experiment results are provided to validate the effectiveness of the approaches.     

RAPID TRANSFER ALIGNMENT USING FEDERATED KALMAN FILTER

The dimension number of the centralized Kalman filter (CKF) for the rapid transfer alignment (TA) is as high as 21 if the aircraft wing flexure motion is considered in the rapid TA. The 21-dimensional CKF brings the calculation burden on the computer and the difficulty to meet a high filtering updating rate desired by rapid TA. The federated Kalman filter (FKF) for the rapid TA is proposed to solve the dilemma. The structure and the algorithm of the FKF, which can perform parallel computation and has less calculation burden, are designed.The wing flexure motion is modeled, and then the 12-order velocity matching local filter and the 15-order attitud ematching local filter are devised. Simulation results show that the proposed EKE for the rapid TA almost has the same performance as the CKF. Thus the calculation burden of the proposed FKF for the rapid TA is markedly decreased.     

REALIZATION OF GPS／SST／SINS INTEGRATED NAVIGATION FILTER ALGORITHM FOR BALLISTIC MISSILE

Considering the domestic single navigation system of the ballistic missile, a new filter method is presented. The method integrates the information of the strapdown star tracker (SST) attitude, the position and the velocity of a high speed GPS with a strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) information into one filter, thus improving the precision of the attitude, the velocity, and the position. Finally, the GPS/SST/SINS simulation platfornt is designed. Simulation results demonstrate that the filter is robust and reliable, and the precision rises to the comparative level abroad.