The occurrence of the mid-latitude ionospheric trough in GPS-TEC measurements

Simultaneous GPS observations from about 150 stations of European Permanent Network (EPN) have been used for studying dynamics of latitudinal profiles and structure of mid-latitude ionospheric trough (MIT). For the analyses, the TEC maps over Europe were created with high spatial and temporal resolution. The latitudinal profiles were produced from TEC maps with one-hour interval for geographic latitude range from 35N to 75N. The structure of latitudinal profiles relates to the occurrence of the ionospheric trough. The location of the trough depends on season, local time, and both geophysical and geomagnetic conditions. The trough structure in GPS-TEC demonstrates a smooth shape. The trough occurrence as a distinguished structure is more distinct during winter. The relation of TEC in the trough minimum to the equator and polar walls amounted to a factor of 2–4.