Models of Venus neutral upper atmosphere: Structure and composition |
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| Authors: | GM Keating JL Bertaux SW Bougher RE Dickinson TE Cravens AF Nagy AE Hedin VA Krasnopolsky JY Nicholson LJ Paxton U von Zahn |
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| Institution: | 1. NASA, Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, U.S.A.;2. Service d''Aéronomie du CNRS, Verrieres le Buisson, France;3. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, U.S.A.;4. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A.;5. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, U.S.A.;6. Space Research Institute, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117810, U.S.S.R.;7. Systems and Applied Sciences Corp., Hampton, VA, U.S.A.;8. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, U.S.A.;9. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, 5300 Bonn 1, F.R.G. |
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| Abstract: | Models of the Venus neutral upper atmosphere, based on both in-situ and remote sensing measurements, are provided for the height interval from 100 to 3,500 km. The general approach in model formulation was to divide the atmosphere into three regions: 100 to 150 km, 150 to 250 km, and 250 to 3,500 km. Boundary conditions at 150 km are consistent with both drag and mass spectrometer measurements. A paramount consideration was to keep the models simple enough to be used conveniently. Available observations are reviewed. Tables are provided for density, temperature, composition (CO2, O, CO, He, N, N2, and H), derived quantities, and day-to-day variability as a function of solar zenith angle on the day- and nightsides.Estimates are made of other species, including O2 and D. Other tables provide corrections for solar activity effects on temperature, composition, and density. For the exosphere, information is provided on the vertical distribution of normal thermal components (H, O, C, and He) as well as the hot components (H, N, C, O) on the day- and nightsides. |
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