原子力显微镜的生物力学实验方法和研究进展

作为微纳尺度的力学工具，原子力显微镜技术被越来越多地应用于生物力学实验研究，推动了该交叉学科领域的发展。利用多种测量模式与改进的探针，原子力显微镜可以在液体中对亚细胞、细胞、组织等多个尺度的生命物质进行力学测量，研究其在衰老、癌变等生命过程中力学性质的动态变化。本文综述了原子力显微镜的力学测量原理、生物力学的实验方法，以及在单细胞的整体与局部、液-液相分离液滴、上皮囊泡组织等力学测量中的应用，分析了复杂流体与微纳尺度流动对实验测量的影响，并对该领域的发展进行了展望。

Experimental methods and recent progress in biomechanics using atomic force microscopy

As a micro-and nano-scale mechanical tool, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is increasingly used in the experimental study of the biomechanics and promotes the further development of this interdisciplinary field. Using a variety of operation modes and modified probes, the AFM can carry out mechanical measurements on living matter at multiple scales, from subcellular structures to living cells and tissues. It can be used to study variations of the mechanical properties during different living processes, such as aging and cancerization. In this article, we will review the working principle of AFM, its experimental implementations in biomechanical measurements, and the applications of the AFM in the study of the mechanical properties of the whole cell and local variations, liquid-liquid phase-separated droplets, and epithelial cysts. We also analyze the effects of complex fluids and micro-and nano-scale flows on the AFM measurements, and make an outlook on the development of this field.