Evidence for the geographic control of additional layer formation in the low-latitude ionosphere |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute of Space Science, National Central University, Chung-Li 320, Taiwan;2. SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA;3. Radio Science Center for Space and Atmosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan;4. Ionospheric Research and Development Center Indonesian, Bandung 40173, Indonesia;5. Antarctic Center, Space Science Division, Communications Research Laboratory, Japan;6. Manila Observatory, P.O. Box 122, U.P. Post Office, Quezon City, 1101 Philippines;7. Space Dynamics Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA;8. Telecommunication Laboratories, Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd., Taiwan;1. State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China;3. Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China;1. The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA;2. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA;1. Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, Universität Leipzig, Stephanstr. 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;2. Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China;3. Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China;4. University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;5. Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh;6. National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Science, Cairo, 11769 Egypt;7. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Haystack Observatory, Westford, MA 01886, USA;1. Space Weather Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA;2. Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, USA;3. Atmospheric Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA |
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| Abstract: | Ionograms recorded from four ionosonde stations along the Western Pacific (WestPac) chain (about 122°E geographic, 192°E geomagnetic) are employed to study the occurrence of an additional layer at F-region altitudes during the 1–15 March 1998 WestPac campaign. It was found that the appearance of the additional layer at the local noontime hours is a typical phenomenon at Parepare (4°S geographic, 14.8°S geomagnetic). The additional layer was not clearly observed at Cebu (0.4°S geomagnetic) and Manila (3.7°N geomagnetic), and was not observed at Chung-Li (14.2°N geomagnetic) during the campaign. Furthermore, the additional layer was not seen from any of the station on 11 March 1998, a magnetically disturbed day. These results indicate that the fountain effect (produced by E×B motion) plays an important role in the formation of the additional layer. However, they also suggest the dynamics of the layer formation are in some way influenced by the location of the station relative to the geographic equator. |
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