Japanese space policy during the 1980s: A balance between autonomy and international cooperation |
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| Authors: | Hirotaka Watanabe |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Physics and Telecommunications Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China;3. College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China;4. State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China;1. College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China;2. State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, China;1. Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan;2. Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom;3. The Osaka City University Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan;1. Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Program, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil;2. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil;3. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Neuroscience Program, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil;1. School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK;2. Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany;3. Otto Diels Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz-4, D-24098 Kiel, Germany;4. Max Born Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max Born Straße 2A, D-12489 Berlin, Germany;5. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan |
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| Abstract: | In the mid-1980s, Japan decided not only to invest in a totally domestic rocket, “H-II,” to acquire its independent access to space, but also to participate in the U.S. Space Station program to promote international space cooperation. Not until then did Japan try to achieve simultaneously both autonomy and international cooperation. This paper reexamines how Japan achieved a balance between autonomy and international cooperation in its space activities during the 1980s, from the perspective of Japan–U.S. diplomatic history. Against the background of the Japan–U.S. relations of those days, the similarities and differences between the two big space programs made it possible for Japan to decide them at the same time of the mid-1980s. |
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