Acceleration of low-energy magnetospheric plasma |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;2. Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;3. The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK;4. Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Chemin des Boveresses 155, Epalinges, Switzerland;5. Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department of Biomedical Research, Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland;6. Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia;7. Proteomics Core Facility, Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;8. Monash Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia;9. International Microbiome Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada;10. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute of Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada;11. McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;12. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4A1, Canada;13. Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Route Cantonale, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;1. Centre Léon Bérard, 28 Rue Laënnec, 69373, Lyon Cedex 08, France;2. Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, France;3. Unicancer, Paris, France;1. Northeastern University, 125 Nightingale Hall, Boston, MA 02115, USA;2. Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Rd. North Grafton, MA 01536, USA;3. University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Hall 2076A, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5 Canada;4. Albany Medical College, 43 New Scotland Ave., Albany, NY 12208, USA;1. School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;2. Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada;1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Annamalai University, Chidambaram 608002, Tamil Nadu, India;2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jeppiaar Engineering College, Chennai 600119, Tamil Nadu, India;3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology, Chennai 600124, Tamil Nadu, India;1. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio;2. Queen Sirikit Heart Center of the Northeast, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand;3. Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio;4. Department of Mathematics, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio |
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| Abstract: | Low-energy plasma originates in the ionosphere and is accelerated and transported to the plasma sheet and ultimately to the ring current. Using observations and basic MHD concepts, it is argued that the acceleration results basically from entrainment in flows that are rapid compared with initial ion thermal speeds. Spatial or temporal variations of such flows launch impulsive waves of the appropriate variety (acoustic, shear Alfven, or magnetosonic) to effect readjustment to the imposed boundary conditions. The most violent transient events are the earthward inductive surges of plasma in the inner plasma sheet, which launch magnetosonic waves. A number of observations strongly suggest that the induction surge waves break as they reach the inner plasma sheet or outer plasmasphere, forming transient shock waves and dissipating their energy in turbulent flows, plasma heating, and acceleration of energetic particles, forming the substorm injection boundary. Preliminary work indicates that the magnetosphere is typically configured so as to produce wave breaking near synchronous orbit, and has other interesting optical properties for MHD wave propagation as well. Exploration of magnetospheric plasma wave optics will require a better empirical knowledge of the plasma distribution. |
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