Astrophysics in 2006

The fastest pulsar and the slowest nova; the oldest galaxies and the youngest stars; the weirdest life forms and the commonest dwarfs; the highest energy particles and the lowest energy photons. These were some of the extremes of Astrophysics 2006. We attempt also to bring you updates on things of which there is currently only one (habitable planets, the Sun, and the Universe) and others of which there are always many, like meteors and molecules, black holes and binaries.     

中西神话Milk Way之比较

Milk Way这个庞大遥远的星系,中国人把它叫做"银河",而西方则称之为"奶路".不同的文化,对同一个星系给出了截然不同的诗意阐释.文章从几个方面比较了中西神话传说的异同.     

天基强银河背景下的空间碎片探测试验及分析

本文设计并完成了银河背景下碎片探测试验,数据分析表明,强的银河背景会降低探测器对暗弱碎片的探测能力,但对碎片的天文定位精度影响不大。本文验证了采用基于探测概率的极限探测星等方法表征探测器极限探测能力的合理性,以及基于仿真的方法增加数据完备度的可行性。本文的工作将为后续天基探测器的设计及探测试验的开展提供依据。     

中国深空网首次△DOR联合测轨试验分析

通过分析中国深空网首次△DOR（Delta Differential One way Ranging,双差分单向测距）联合测轨试验的干涉测量事后数据,重点从观测量随机精度、闭合时延等方面讨论了国内深空网与国内VLBI（Very Long Baseline Interferometry,甚长基线干涉测量）观测网、国内深空网与国际深空网的联合干涉处理情况,并与ESOC（European Space Operation Center,欧洲空间操作中心）数据处理结果进行了比对.试验结果表明：我国深空网已具备独立或联合开展深空探测器导航测轨的系统支持能力;深空站系统具备高速率数据接收、采集、记录、传输能力,采集数据处理精度优于1 ns;深空网干涉测量信号处理中心具备多体制信号的干涉处理分析能力,其分析精度与ESOC处理精度差异在0.1 ns量级.     

应用双向时间传递的重力卫星时标误差自主测量

星间时标误差的自主测量对于中国自主研发地球重力卫星具有重要意义. 提出利用双向时间传递法实现重力卫星时标误差的自主测量, 设计了测量方案, 建立了包含卫星运动导致的链路非对称、电离层效应、设备零值以及随机测时误差在内的测量模型. 结合地球重力卫星相关特性, 分析了时标误差测量中各误差源的影响及相应的误差校正方法. 以GRACE重力卫星为例, 利用提出的方法和校正措施, 星间时标误差自主测量精度可以达到0.62ns, 其中误差主要来自系统零值标定误差和随机测时误差.      

The ultraviolet sky: An overview from the GALEX surveys

The Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) has performed the first surveys of the sky in the ultraviolet (UV). Its legacy is an unprecedented database with more than 200 million source measurements in far-UV (FUV) and near-UV (NUV), as well as wide-field imaging of extended objects, filling an important gap in our view of the sky across the electromagnetic spectrum. The UV surveys offer unique sensitivity for identifying and studying selected classes of astrophysical objects, both stellar and extra-galactic. We examine the overall content and distribution of UV sources over the sky, and with magnitude and color. For this purpose, we have constructed final catalogs of UV sources with homogeneous quality, eliminating duplicate measurements of the same source. Such catalogs can facilitate a variety of investigations on UV-selected samples, as well as planning of observations with future missions. We describe the criteria used to build the catalogs, their coverage and completeness. We included observations in which both the far-UV and near-UV detectors were exposed; 28,707 fields from the All-Sky Imaging survey (AIS) cover a unique area of 22,080 square degrees (after we restrict the catalogues to the central 1° diameter of the field), with a typical depth of ∼20/21mag (FUV/NUV, in the AB mag system), and 3008 fields from the Medium-depth Imaging Survey (MIS) cover a total of 2251 square degrees at a depth of ∼22.7mag. The catalogs contain ∼71 and ∼16.6 million sources, respectively. The density of hot stars reflects the Galactic structure, and the number counts of both Galactic and extra-galactic sources are modulated by the Milky Way dust extinction, to which the UV data are very sensitive.     

卫星双向法与卫星测距

卫星双向时间比对是目前远距离台站时间比对精度最高的时间同步技术,时间比对精度达几百皮秒,比GPS共视技术的时间比对精度几乎高一个数量级。中科院国家授时中心根据多台站卫星时间比对经验,提出利用卫星双向比对技术进行卫星测距(称转发器定轨)。实验证明:利用卫星双向技术(卫星需要转发器)进行卫星测距,可得到高精度卫星轨道(内符精度为几厘米)和卫星预报轨道。     

卫星双向时间频率传递校准技术综述

卫星双向时间频率传递技术是高精度时间频率远程比对的基本手段,其时间比对A类标准不确定度优于0.1ns,B类标准不确定度主要取决于系统的校准。本文简述了卫星双向时间频率传递的基本理论,着重说明各种卫星双向时间频率传递系统校准方法和硬件实现,对各种校准技术进行评述和比较,总结并展望了校准技术发展的方向。     

卫星导航信号监测技术

卫星导航信号监测技术是导航系统监测站的核心内容。文中介绍一种实时性强、处理精度高、可靠性好的导航信号监测技术,对监测接收机输出的实时观测数据和导航信号进行分析、处理,给出其合理性、完好性和定位精度分析,同时输出该原始数据。通过在卫通设备上实现伪距精密测量、设备时延精确校定,监测站能够配合导航系统进行站间时间同步,同步精度小于3ns。