SPACE LIFE SCIENCE IN 2000-2001

Chinese scientists studied some of the problems in the field of space life science and achieved success in the area during 2000-2001. Space biological experi ments were carried out in the orbit and the results of ground studies on protein crystallization, space radiation, space motion sickness were introduced in this paper. The influences of simulated weightlessness on the brain-function, the car diovascular, endocrine hormones, immunity, skeletal and muscle systems were presented. In addition, gravity medicine and space environment medicine, as well as countermeasures to space deconditioning, such as the traditional Chinese medicine, were also reported.     

一种模拟长期失重影响的大鼠尾部悬吊模型

本文改进了Morey-Holton和wronski的大鼠尾部悬吊方法,还总结出了一套不致对尾部造成损伤的长期尾部悬吊技术。用此方法,完成了五批(每批10只)为期90—120天的悬吊实验。结果表明:引起的应激程度轻微;悬吊组大鼠体重增长与对照大鼠接近。可用来对长期失重生理影响及其机理进行研究。     

模拟失重条件下航天员旋转运动方法实验验证

航天员太空飞行中,需要改变自身位置与朝向以完成不同的作业任务,当其无法触碰到手脚限制器等借助物时,会涉及通过自身动作的转换产生人体旋转的问题。为此,首先基于Roberson-Wittenburg方法建立了人体动力学方程,据此提出能够使得人体转动的肢体操作方法,然后采用悬吊法模拟太空失重环境,对比不同控制方法产生的旋转作用效果,发现肢体旋转时与身体的夹角和肢体旋转速度是影响人体旋转完成时间和关节力矩的主要因素,最后结合推荐动作与实验结果提出空间姿态变换运动的操作建议。结果表明本文推荐动作有一定的优越性,对航天员处于太空中的自旋转运动具有实用意义。     

中药在改善模拟失重兔主要脏器形态学变化中的作用

通过实验探讨中药作为一种新的防护措施的可能性。实验动物为53只白兔, 用头低位悬吊方法模拟失重, 时间7天。实验前将兔分为四组:对照组, 悬吊组, 川芎组, 丹黄组, 实验中分别喂水或喂中药。实验后取脑、心、肺、肾、腹主动脉、比目鱼肌等6个脏器制片, 进行组织学观察。结果是两种中药均有改善模拟失重兔主要脏器血循环和组织结构的作用, 丹黄合剂的作用优于川芎。这说明中药作为一种新的防护措施是有希望的。      

中国航天医学进展

航天医学是随着载人航天事业的发展而兴起的一门特种医学学科、随着人类对太空的不断探索,从学科创建至今的短短几十年时间取得了巨大的发展,我国的载人航天工程于20世纪90年代初启动,但航天医学发展的历史却可追溯到50年代末,特别是近10年来,我国载人航天工程的启动为航天医学的发展带来了重大机遇,目前,我国首次载人航天飞行已获圆满成功,首飞航天员也已安全、健康地重返地球,航天医学专家们与航天员一同经受住了首次载人航天飞行的考验、本文简要介绍了我国航天医学的基础研究和应用研究,以及取得的进展,并展望了今后将面临的挑战和机遇。     

基于Lagrange方法的失重人体建模与仿真

阐述了利用多刚体系统动力学进行航天员舱外活动仿真EVA(Extra Vehicular Activity)的必要性.给出了应用计算多刚体系统动力学建立的通用失重人体4关节反向运动学与反向动力学模型.选取典型的实例,在对其进行适当简化的基础上,运用通用模型对其进行仿真计算,计算时为考虑失重对人体质量、惯量与力量等参数的影响,对通用模型进行了修正.利用能量比较法对结果进行分析,得出当手部的运动轨迹半径与角速度减小、时间延长,髋关节做前驱运动时航天员工作最为节省能量.通过能量比较法计算得到了人体运动时各关节作功最为节省能量的范围.计算方法对航天员舱内外活动仿真及工效分析有一定的参考价值.      

Effects of simulated weightlessness on the intestinal mucosal barrier of rats

This study employed a rat tail-suspension model to investigate the effects of simulated weightlessness on the intestinal mucosal barrier. Twenty-four Wistar rats were randomly divided into control (CON), 14-day tail-suspension (SUS-14d), and 21-day tail-suspension (SUS-21d) groups (n = 8 per group). Expression of occludin and zonula occludins-1 (ZO-1), proteins of the tight junction (TJ), in the intestinal mucosa was measured by immunohistochemical analysis, Western blotting, and mRNA fluorescent quantitation PCR. Plasma concentrations of diamine oxidase (DAO) and d-lactate were determined using an enzymatic spectrophotometric assay. Expression of occludin and ZO-1 was reduced in the SUS-14d and SUS-21d groups as compared to the CON group, with lowest expression observed in the SUS-21d group (P < 0.01). Examination by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the jejunal epithelium revealed increased intercellular space, decreased TJ and desmosome densities, and destruction of microvilli in the SUS-14d and SUS-21d groups. Plasma DAO and d-lactate concentrations in the SUS-21d group were higher than those in SUS-14d group and significantly higher than those in the CON group (P < 0.01). In all three groups, the expression of occludin and ZO-1 was found to correlate negatively with DAO (P < 0.01) and d-lactate (P < 0.01) concentrations. It is concluded that simulated weightless results in down-regulation of expression of TJ proteins in the rat intestinal mucosa. Simulated weightlessness is proposed to increase intestinal permeability through damage to the TJ.     

失重对人体外周血管及心脏影响的研究进展

失重对人体心血管系统有着非常重要的影响。文章从人体心血管系统的外周血管与心脏两个方面出发,回顾了近年来大量有关失重（长期失重以及模拟失重）对人体心血管系统影响的研究、分析评述了一系列有意义的结论,最后展望了几个潜在的研究方向。     

-6°卧床模拟失重对T淋巴细胞的影响及内分泌调节机制的研究

本文研究了-6°卧床模拟失重对T淋巴细胞受到有丝分裂原刺激后增殖能力和外周血总T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3+T细胞)、辅助/炎性T细胞亚群(CD4+T细胞)、杀伤T细胞亚群(CD8+T细胞)、及表达CD25分子细胞数的影响,同时观察生长激素、促肾上腺皮质激素、皮质激素的改变,来探讨免疫功能的变化与内分泌系统改变的关系.结果表明,模拟失重造成的免疫功能下降与内分泌系统紊乱有关.      

模拟失重(HDT—30°)和噪声复合因素对大鼠神经-内分泌-免疫功能的影响

本研究结果表明，大鼠在声级为８５ｄＢ（Ａ）噪声环境下悬吊（ＨＤＴ－３０°）１０昼夜后，淋巴细胞转化率及白细胞介素２（ＩＬ２）明显降低，血浆皮质酮含量显著升高，下丘脑内多巴胺（ＤＡ）和去甲肾上腺素（ＮＡ）含量呈升高趋势，表明机体处于应激状态．单纯８５ｄＢ（Ａ）噪声组除多巴胺及Ｔ淋巴细胞增殖反应外上述指标也有同样的变化规律，但没有复台因素组明显．本文出现的神经－内分泌－免疫系统功能失调可能是航天员易患感染性疾病的原因之一．