Distribution and variability of accelerated electrons at Mars

We investigate accelerated electrons observed by Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), using data from the Electron Reflectometer (ER) instrument. We find three different types of accelerated electron events. Current sheet events occur over regions with weak or no crustal fields, have the highest electron energy fluxes, and are likely located on draped magnetotail fields. Extended events occur over regions with moderate crustal magnetic fields, and are most often observed on closed magnetic field lines. Localized events have the lowest energy fluxes, occur in strong magnetic cusp regions, and are the most likely kind of event to be found on open magnetic field lines. Some localized events have clear signatures of field-aligned currents; these events have much higher electron fluxes, and are preferentially observed on radially oriented open magnetic field lines. Electron acceleration events, especially localized events, are similar in many ways to events observed in the terrestrial auroral zone. However, physical processes related to those found in the terrestrial cusp and/or plasmasheet could also be responsible for accelerating electrons at Mars.     

机载综合无线电平台的中频数据传输总线优选分析

在综合无线电平台中,根据硬件平台通用化要求,需要选择一种总线同时满足CNI不同波形的中频数据传输对延时、带宽和误码率的要求.本文针对不加协议的GTX和加上高速串行通信协议的Aurora、SRIO进行测试,得到这三种高速串行总线在延时、带宽和误码率的对比分析,从而选择一种总线作为多波形综合的中频数据传输总线.     

Initial phase of mid-latitude aurora during strong geomagnetic storms

Analysing the initial mid-latitude aurora phase during strong geomagnetic storms we found that the initial phase of the mid-latitude aurorae observed at 630 nm emission during the strong geomagnetic storms on March 24, 1991, April 6, 2000, October 30 and November 20, 2003 is characterized by a short (∼1 h) wave-like disturbance. This disturbance corresponds to the beginning of main phase of the magnetic storms. The marked effect of the mid-latitude aurorae is analyzed using data on magnetosphere and ionosphere conditions in observation periods. The features of the dynamics of the 630 nm emission intensity and its connection with the dynamics of magnetospheric–ionospheric structures are considered. Possible excitation mechanisms of the atomic oxygen emission (630 nm) during these disturbances are discussed.     

基于迁移学习的太空台风自动识别

太空台风是极盖区内一种新发现的大尺度亮斑状极光结构,直观表征了地磁平静期的一种堪比磁暴的太阳风能量注入现象,这更新了人们对太阳风–磁层–电离层耦合过程的认识,如何从海量星载极光数据中准确髙效识别出太空台风事件具有重要的科学意义。采用深度学习的方法,通过六种网络模型的对比,最终基于迁移学习和EfficientNetB2网络提出了一种太空台风自动识别方法。在2005－2021年美国国防气象卫星（Defense Meteorological Satellite Program,DMSP）上搭载的紫外光谱成像仪（Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager,SSUSI）的观测数据中验证了该模型的有效性,识别准确率达到97.7%。研究结果表明,该方法可用于从海量星载极光观测数据中自动识别太空台风事件。     

基于紫外极光图像的极光电集流指数模型

极光电集流指数AE是描述地磁亚暴强弱的重要指标,且与极区磁层扰动及极光粒子沉降过程密切相关。因此,建立更加准确的极光电集流指数模型对空间天气的研究具有重要意义。利用1997年POLAR卫星紫外极光图像数据探究了紫外极光图像中极光强度I_AP的空间分布与AE指数在不同季节的相关性,并在此基础上提出了基于紫外极光图像的AE指数模型。以网格化方法提取极光强度空间分布特征,采用广义回归神经网络,通过相关系数法和方差选择法构建Cor-GRNN和Var-GRNN两种AE指数模型,并针对冬至月份、夏至月份、分点月份3个季节分别进行训练。研究结果表明,AE指数与I_AP具有相似的半年变化趋势,其相关性在不同季节差异较大。相比于太阳风驱动下的AE指数神经网络预测模型,基于极光图像的AE指数模型在E_RMS和R²标准上均优于其他模型,其中归一化E_RMS小于0.1,模型对于AE指数变化的可解释度提升了10%左右。     

On high-altitude electric fields in the auroral downward current region and their coupling to ionospheric electric fields

The downward field-aligned current region plays an active role in magnetosphere–ionosphere coupling processes associated with aurora. A quasi-static electric field structure with a downward parallel electric field forms at altitudes between 800 km and 5000 km, accelerating ionospheric electrons upward, away from the auroral ionosphere. Other phenomena including energetic ion conics, electron solitary waves, low-frequency wave activity, and plasma density cavities occur in this region, which also acts as a source region for VLF saucers. Results are presented from high-altitude Cluster observations with particular emphasis on the characteristics and dynamics of quasi-static electric field structures. These, extending up to altitudes of at least 4–5 Earth radii, appear commonly as monopolar or bipolar electric fields. The former occur at sharp boundaries, such as the polar cap boundary whereas the bipolar fields occur at softer boundaries within the plasma sheet. The temporal evolution of quasi-static electric field structures, as captured by the pearls-on-a-string configuration of the Cluster spacecraft, indicates that the formation of electric field structures and of ionospheric plasma density cavities are closely coupled processes. A related feature of the downward current is a broadening of the current sheet with time, possibly related to the depletion process. Preliminary studies of the coupling of electric fields in the downward current region, show that small-scale structures are typically decoupled from the ionosphere, similar to what has been found for the upward current region. However, exceptions are also found where small-scale electric fields couple perfectly between the ionosphere and Cluster altitudes. Recent FAST results indicate that the degree of coupling differs between sheet-like and curved structures, and that it is typically partial. The electric field coupling further depends on the current–voltage relationship, which is highly non-linear in the downward current region, and still unrevealed, as to its specific form.     

Magnetospheric application of high-altitude long-duration balloon technology: Daylight auroral observations

Daylight auroral imaging is a proposed application of the NASA high-altitude long-duration balloon technology. This paper discusses the theoretical background of this application and test observations, for proof of the feasibility. It is demonstrated that nitrogen auroral emissions in the near-infrared band are detectable at altitudes of 35–40 km and above using a near-infrared InGaAs camera. The purpose of such observations is to identify auroral small-scale structures that are manifestations of auroral particle accelerations and the solar wind – magnetosphere – ionosphere interaction. Use of this new approach will enable studies of the dayside aurora, low-latitude aurora, and storm-time and substorm-time auroral conjugacy.     

FREJA卫星观测到的低混杂小尖峰和密度空穴的关系

从FREJA卫星近期观测发现,地球低极尖区等离子体密度的衰减有多种可能的机制,不同机制所形成的密度空穴都可能捕获低混杂频率附近的湍动波,进而使原有的密度空穴加深．由于同时检测到静电和电磁的低混杂小尖峰,故提出电磁低混杂湍动的电场分量被密度空穴所捕获．