Obscured Activity: AGN, Quasars, Starbursts and ULIGs Observed by the Infrared Space Observatory

Some of the most ‘active’ galaxies in the Universe are obscured by large quantities of dust and emit a substantial fraction of their bolometric luminosity in the infrared. Observations of these infrared luminous galaxies with the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) have provided a relatively unabsorbed view to the sources fuelling this active emission. The improved sensitivity, spatial resolution and spectroscopic capability of ISO over its predecessor Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) of enabled significant advances in the understanding of the infrared properties of active galaxies. ISO surveyed a wide range of active galaxies which, in the context of this review, includes those powered by intense bursts of star formation as well as those containing a dominant active galactic nucleus (AGN). Mid-infrared imaging resolved for the first time the dust enshrouded nuclei in many nearby galaxies, while a new era in infrared spectroscopy was opened by probing a wealth of atomic, ionic and molecular lines as well as broad band features in the mid- and far-infrared. This was particularly useful, since it resulted in the understanding of the power production, excitation and fuelling mechanisms in the nuclei of active galaxies including the intriguing but so far elusive ultraluminous infrared galaxies. Detailed studies of various classes of AGN and quasars greatly improved our understanding of the unification scenario. Far-infrared imaging and photometry revealed the presence of a new very cold dust component in galaxies and furthered our knowledge of the far-infrared properties of faint starbursts, ULIGs and quasars. We summarise almost nine years of key results based on ISO data spanning the full range of luminosity and type of active galaxies.     

Astrophysics in 2006

The fastest pulsar and the slowest nova; the oldest galaxies and the youngest stars; the weirdest life forms and the commonest dwarfs; the highest energy particles and the lowest energy photons. These were some of the extremes of Astrophysics 2006. We attempt also to bring you updates on things of which there is currently only one (habitable planets, the Sun, and the Universe) and others of which there are always many, like meteors and molecules, black holes and binaries.     

三维可压缩混合层中扰动演化的研究

为了利用被动控制增强可压缩混合层中混合效率,本文用数值模拟的方法研究了三维可压缩混合层中扰动向下游的演化.通过在入口处引入不同的不稳定T-S波,给出了扰动随空间的演化过程,及马赫数对扰动演化的影响.计算结果表明在马赫数较小时,扰动波增长很快,当马赫数增大时,扰动所形成的流向涡的强度会减弱.这一结论与流动稳定性分析结果是一致的.     

Study of the variability of blazars gamma-ray emission

The γ-ray emission of blazar jets shows a pronounced variability and this feature provides limits to the size and to the speed of the emitting region. We study the γ-ray variability of bright blazars using data from the first 18 months of activity of the Large Area Telescope on the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope. From the daily light-curves of the blazars characterized by a remarkable activity, we firstly determine the minimum variability time-scale, giving an upper limit for the size of the emitting region of the sources, assumed to be spheroidal blobs in relativistic motion. These regions must be smaller than ∼10⁻³ parsec. Another interesting time-scale is the duration of the outbursts. We conclude that they cannot correspond to radiation produced by a single blob moving relativistically along the jet, but they are either the signature of emission from a standing shock extracting energy from a modulated jet, or the superposition of a number of flares occurring on a shorter time-scale. We also derive lower limits on the bulk Lorentz factor needed to make the emitting region transparent for gamma-rays interacting through photon–photon collisions.     

一种弧齿锥齿轮传动性能优化方法

 以期望的传动误差曲线为目标,首次提出了弧齿锥齿轮传动误差曲线优化的泛变性(GMR)方法,它是对局部综合法的一种改进。首先讨论了齿面接触印痕和传动误差曲线的计算方法,并在传统局部综合法基础上提出了泛变性局部综合法,给出了该方法的理论基础即局部综合公式和齿面接触方程,接着分析了对弧齿锥齿轮传动性能尤其是传动误差影响最大的两个加工参数即小轮切削速比和三阶变性系数的变化规律,最后对某具体航空弧齿锥齿轮副的传动误差曲线和齿面接触印痕进行了泛变性优化设计。结果表明：当小轮切削速比取0621 9且三阶变性系数取-0021 99时,轮齿接触分析(TCA)实际传动误差曲线比较对称且与期望曲线较好地吻合,而齿面接触印痕几乎没有变化,由此证明泛变性法对传动性能控制的有效性和稳定性。该研究工作对于航空齿轮传动系统具有重要的实际意义。     

弧齿锥齿轮误差敏感性优化设计

从齿面结构上提出了通过优化差曲面全曲率来改善弧齿锥齿轮的安装误差敏感性问题的方法.推导了啮合点处沿齿线方向的两啮合齿面全曲率作为敏感性系数,分析了局部综合参数和参考点位置参数对参考点处的敏感系数的影响.提出了通过优化传动比一阶导数、接触迹线方向、二阶变性系数和三阶变性系数,获得对安装误差敏感性低的小轮加工参数.算例表明:优化后的齿轮副在啮合过程中的敏感性系数控制在较小范围之内,传动误差的幅值和对称性均满足设计要求,改善了齿轮副的啮合质量.      

Low sensitivity m ification for spiral bevel gears

为了改善航空弧齿锥齿轮的啮合稳定性,提出了齿面低敏感性修形．基于齿面误差和误差敏感性矩阵,建立齿面误差修正模型,用广义逆矩阵的最小二乘法求解超越方程组,获得机床调整参数的修正量;对齿面进行3段抛物线修形,将修形后的齿面作为目标齿面,采用齿面误差修正的方法求得相应的机床调整参数;仿真算例表明：经过低敏感性修形,降低了齿面印痕的误差敏感性、提高了齿轮副的容差范围,但齿根弯曲强度下降了4．28％．因此,通过合理选择齿面修形系数,可降低齿根强度的变化,改善齿轮副啮合稳定性．     

螺旋锥齿轮齿面误差分析与自动反馈修正

基于齿面检测信息,识别并分析了齿面误差及其影响因素,推导出了机床运动参数与齿面误差的映射关系;开发了齿面误差自动识别系统来自动确定误差类型及机床运动参数修正项;建立了四轴联动数控铣齿机运动修正模型,通过数值优化计算实现了机床运动参数的自动修正,并经由测量加工网络完成了修正参数至数控机床的自动反馈.实验及应用表明,通过齿...     

弧齿锥齿轮加工参数的全局优化设计

本文通过局部综合法对齿面一阶和二阶接触参数进行预控,在此基础上,全面考虑了齿轮副在小端、中部、大端啮合时的接触印痕和传动误差,通过对可选加工参数的优化设计,消除了齿轮副的三阶接触缺陷。      

Relativistic MHD Simulations of Jets with Toroidal Magnetic Fields

This paper presents an application of the recent relativistic HLLC approximate Riemann solver by Mignone & Bodo to magnetized flows with vanishing normal component of the magnetic field. The numerical scheme is validated in two dimensions by investigating the propagation of axisymmetric jets with toroidal magnetic fields. The selected jet models show that the HLLC solver yields sharper resolution of contact and shear waves and better convergence properties over the traditional HLL approach.