Modelling of Ejecta as a Space Debris Source

When a micro-debris or a micrometeoroid impacts a spacecraft surface, a large number of secondary particles, called ejecta, are produced. These particles can contribute to a modification of the debris environment: either locally by the occurrence of secondary impacts on the components of complex and large space structures, or at great distance by the formation of a population of small orbital debris. This paper describes firstly, the ejecta overall production, and secondly, the lifetime and the orbital evolution of the particles. Finally the repartition of ejecta in LEO is computed. Some results describing the population as a function of size and altitude are presented.     

Collision Risk Mitigation in Geostationary Orbit

The short- and long-term effects of spacecraft explosions, as a function of the end-of-life re-orbit altitude above the geostationary orbit (GEO), were analyzed in terms of their additional contribution to the debris flux in the GEO ring. The simulated debris clouds were propagated for 72yrs, taking into account all the relevant orbital perturbations.The results obtained show that 6–7 additional explosions in GEO would be sufficient, in the long term, to double the current collision risk with sizable objects in GEO. Unfortunately, even if spacecraft were to re-orbit between 300 and 500km above GEO, this would not significantly improve the situation. In fact, an altitude increase of at least 2000km would have to be adopted to reduce by one order of magnitude the long-term risk of collision among geostationary satellites and explosion fragments. The optimal debris mitigation strategy should be a compromise between the reliability and effectiveness of spacecraft end-of-life passivation, the re-orbit altitude and the acceptable debris background in the GEO ring. However, for as long as the re-orbit altitudes currently used are less than 500km above GEO, new spacecraft explosions must be avoided in order to preserve the geostationary environment over the long term.     

Precise line-of-sight modelling for angles-only relative navigation

This work presents a precise analytical model to reconstruct the line-of-sight vector to a target satellite over time, as required by angles-only relative navigation systems for application to rendezvous missions. The model includes the effects of the geopotential, featuring: the analytical propagation in the mean relative orbital elements (up to second-order expansion), the analytical two-way osculating/mean orbital elements’ conversion (second-order in $J_2$ and up to a given degree and order of the geopotential), and a second-order mapping from the perturbed osculating elements’ set to the local orbital frame. Performances are assessed against the line-of-sight reconstructed out of the precise GPS-based positioning products of the PRISMA mission. The line-of-sight modelled over a far-range one day long scenario can be fitted against the true one presenting residuals of the order of ten arc-seconds, which is below the typical sensor noise at far-range.     

航天器交会远程快速自主制导方法

针对近地近圆轨道航天器交会任务,设计了基于经典轨道要素的远程快速自主制导算法.对于任意初始纬度幅角偏差的远程导引,通过建立纬度幅角偏差与半长轴偏差的关系,将远程导引段分为初始轨道飞行、调相轨道飞行和调整轨道飞行3个阶段.初始轨道飞行进行轨道共面修正和调相机动;在调相轨道飞行期间,进行自然调相以及调相轨道到调整轨道的机动;调整轨道飞行阶段进行追踪航天器的远地点高度和近地点高度的修正,以及再次共面修正.所有变轨机动都以制导脉冲的形式给出,并都在轨道特殊点执行.精确轨道仿真验证了远程快速自主接近制导算法的可行性.     

航天器相对导航与控制技术的典型任务

在空间交会对接、在轨服务、近距离目标监视以及航天器编队飞行任务中,通常需要通过相对导航与控制技术对相互邻近的航天器进行控制.回顾了该领域典型的空间任务,特别关注任务、相对导航与控制方法、相对测量设备、推进系统等主要特征,并总结了该项技术的发展趋势.     

奇异摄动法解最优拦截问题

本文应用奇异摄动法探讨水平面内飞机的中远程拦截问题。在介绍航迹优化的一般方法之后,通过采用三重时间尺度分离法建立奇异摄动的数学模型,求出了外层解、边界层解和一致有效的组合解,导出了以推力参数和滚转角为控制变量的最短时间拦截的最优控制律。并以F-4飞机为例,计算了拦截成功的最短时间和最优航迹。其结果可作为空中拦截实时在线优化的参考。     

正撞击下双层墙结构防护屏防护性能仿真研究

文章利用AUTODYN软件对铝合金球形弹丸正撞击双层墙防护结构进行了仿真研究,比较了双层墙防护结构中铝合金材料和复合材料防护屏的防护性能。结果表明:在相同的面密度和构型下,双层墙防护结构中铝合金防护屏的防护效果优于复合材料防护屏。     

基于纵向滤波的星敏感器低频误差在线估计

多敏感器数据融合是获得更高精度姿态测量的有效方法,敏感器数据融合前必须先修正低频误差。首先,介绍了星敏感器低频误差（LFE）的产生机理及对其在线估计的必要性。其次,针对传统算法的不足,提出了基于纵向滤波的低频误差在线估计算法,该算法将传统低频误差估计问题转化为若干个常值误差估计问题,提高了估计精度。最后,给出了该算法具体实施方式,说明相关参数物理意义及选取原则。通过理论分析及仿真,算法误差可忽略不计。通过在轨数据仿真,星敏感器轨道周期低频误差可被消除。     

最优气动力辅助空间拦截和交会

航天器从高轨道向位于低地球圆轨道的靶目标实施拦截或进行交会 ,并用间接求解的直接伴随方法 ,即用D型拉格朗日方法求解其优化问题。拦截条件是指在最终时刻两者的位置相同 ,而交会条件是指不仅位置相同且最终的速度矢量亦相等。文章讨论了最小时间与最小脱靶量 ,或最小时间与最小燃料消耗的复合性能指标 ,以及推力协同机动的优化解。推力协同下 ,对于特定情况 ,如在热流约束边界部分推力弧是奇异的 ,气动力控制是正常的。这种复杂性和奇异问题的求解在拦截和交会问题中都是值得慎重处理的。