A survey of safety separation management and collision avoidance approaches of civil UAS operating in integration national airspace system

Recent years have witnessed a booming of the industry of civil Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS). As an emerging industry, the UAS industry has been attracting great attention from governments of all countries and the aviation industry. UAS are highly digitalized, informationized, and intelligent; therefore, their integration into the national airspace system has become an important trend in the development of civil aviation. However, the complexity of UAS operation poses great challenges to the traditional aviation regulatory system and technical means. How to prevent collisions between UASs and between UAS and manned aircraft to achieve safe and efficient operation in the integrated operating airspace has become a common challenge for industry and academia around the world. In recent years, the international community has carried out a great amount of work and experiments in the air traffic management of UAS and some of the key technologies. This paper attempts to make a review of the UAS separation management and key technologies in collision avoidance in the integrated airspace, mainly focusing on the current situation of UAS Traffic Management (UTM), safety separation standards, detection system, collision risk prediction, collision avoidance, safety risk assessment, etc., as well as an analysis of the bottlenecks that the current researches encountered and their development trends, so as to provide some insights and references for further research in this regard. Finally, this paper makes a further summary of some of the research highlights and challenges.     

Space traffic control: a view of the future

This paper provides an overview of a system for providing reliable, ongoing, timely situational awareness services to satellite operators. Such services would include close approach warnings, warnings of potential radio frequency interference, and other offerings designed to help make operators aware of possible threats to the safe operation of their spacecraft and measures they can take to lessen these threats. The paper discusses current trends, proposes operational requirements, and speculates on the type of organization that may emerge to provide space traffic control services. It highlights how the detailed information required for such services may affect the evolution of the use of space.     

无人机系统的安全性与危险源分析

无人机系统的战术性能及优势将使其在未来高技术战争和民用航空中发挥越来越重要的作用。然 而,由于有人机与无人机飞行事故的特点不同,使得有人机的安全性分析与管理措施不完全适用于无人机系 统。首先,对无人机系统的飞行事故进行统计分析,得出无人机系统事故的特点;然后,合理借鉴有人机的安全 性分析,定义无人机系统的安全性,提出无人机系统事故的严酷度等级划分及相应的危险可接受度;最后,从设 计、机组训练及使用操作三方面进行危险源分析。本文提出的无人机系统不安全事件发生可能性等级划分和 危险源定性分析,可为后续无人机安全管理框架的构建奠定基础。     

一种柔性空间双臂机器人的协同控制和避障方法

针对柔性空间机械臂在轨服务应用需求,提出一种基于刚体运动与柔性振动相耦合的空间双臂机器人协同控制方法.首先引入空间位姿变量的概念,构造出面向协同控制目标的Jacobian矩阵,建立柔性空间机器人系统的刚柔耦合动力学模型,基于指定的最小距离得到其运动学逆解,并根据系统动量矩守恒关系及系统的Jacobian矩阵,并根据机械臂末端的运动速度,然后采用阻尼最小二乘法得出关节角度,使柔性空间机器人能够有效完成协同控制和空间避障任务,并基于RecurDyn V7R5软件环境验证算法的正确性.最后,基于SolidWorks和ADAMS虚拟样机建立柔性空间机器人系统的立体CAD模型,并结合空间在轨搬运任务进行模拟仿真,柔性空间机器人关节操作和运动轨迹的仿真结果图验证了本文算法的有效性.     

复杂动态环境下无人飞行器动态避障近似最优轨迹规划

针对复杂动态环境下无人飞行器的动态障碍规避问题,基于合理假设建立了无人飞行器和动态障碍的运动学模型,并综合考虑无人飞行器飞行过程中的终端约束、控制输入约束、安全避障约束等,以能量最少为性能指标构建动态避障问题数学描述。之后,针对终端约束和控制输入约束,依据优化模型预测静态规划算法(OMPSP)生成初始轨迹;针对动态避障问题的不等式约束,引入松弛变量并结合滑模变结构控制方法设计松弛变量动力学,实现对一个、多个或同时多个动态障碍的安全规避;最后,依据有限时间微分动态规划(RHDDP)算法进行轨迹优化,获得满足上述各种约束并能规避动态障碍的近似最优轨迹。     

基于功能危险性评估的民用飞机驾驶舱门设计探讨

FAA分别于2002年和2008年颁布25-106及25-127修正案,增加驾驶舱门安保事项以提高驾驶舱的安全水平。修正案要求加固驾驶舱门,驾驶舱门必须设计成可以阻止未被授权人员进入驾驶舱并且阻碍危险物体射入以保证机组人员的安全。驾驶舱门必须能检测驾驶舱失压并可以释放门或者卸压板平衡压力差,还应有措施使飞机机组成员在该舱门卡住的情况下能直接从驾驶舱进入客舱。因此,在驾驶舱门上设有一个可以快速释放的紧急出口。根据飞机驾驶舱门结构及功能的主要特点,对驾驶舱门功能故障进行探讨,同时对功能故障引发的危险性等级进行划分,以确定安全指标,进而辅助驾驶舱门设计工作。     

航空事故人为因素多模型集成分析与控制策略

人为因素是现代航空事故最主要的致因因素,分析航空事故中人为因素的特点,进一步提出预防措施,有利于提高飞行安全水平,实现本质安全。提出多模型集成的航空事故人为因素分析与控制流程,将事故树分析方法( FTA)和人因分析及分类系统( HFACS)相结合,寻找事故的直接原因和深层次原因,全面识别航空事故中的人为因素、事故机理及事故演化过程;运用定量方法找出关键因素,针对性地提出避免由人为因素导致航空事故的策略;根据关联危害性分析法,挖掘事故的潜在不安全因素,实现主动的事故预防。     

A new steering approach for VSCMGs with high precision

A new variable speed control moment gyro (VSCMG) steering law is proposed in order to achieve higher torque precision. The dynamics of VSCMGs is established, and two work modes are then designed according to command torque:control momentum gyro (CMG)/reaction wheel (RW) hybrid mode for the large torque case and RW single mode for the small. When working in the CMG/RW hybrid mode, the steering law deals with the gimbal dead-zone nonlinearity through compensation by RW sub-mode. This is in contrast to the conventional CMG singularity avoidance and wheel speed equalization, as well as the proof of definitely hyperbolic singular property of the CMG sub-mode. When working in the RW single mode, the motion of gimbals will be locked. Both the transition from CMG/RW hybrid mode to RW single mode and the reverse are studied. During the transition, wheel speed equalization and singularity avoidance of both the CMG and RW sub-modes are considered. A steering law for the RWs with locked gimbals is presented. It is shown by simulations that the VSCMGs with this new steering law could reach a better torque precision than the normal CMGs in the case of both large and small torques.     

一种新的综合TF／TA最优航迹算法

综合ＴＦ／ＴＡ是新一代低空突防技术，ＴＦ／ＴＡ最优航迹的计算是其控制系统的核心。文中提出了一种新的综合ＴＦ／ＴＡ最优航迹算法，它用动态规划和树型搜索相结合的方法，实时计算综合ＴＦ／ＴＡ最优航迹。算法考虑了飞机机动能力的约束，使最优航迹在不需要平滑处理时就是一个可实现航迹。另外还考虑了威胁的影响，使最优航迹能有效地进行威胁回避。计算结果表明，所得的最优航迹具有综合地形跟踪／回避和威胁回避的能力。     

基于DDPG的单目无人机避障算法

提出了一种基于单目相机的小型多旋翼无人机的连续避障策略。所提出的方法包括深度估计和导航决策两个模块。其中,在深度估计模块采用条件对抗网络对无人机采集得到的RGB图片进行训练预处理,在导航决策模块采用深度确定性策略梯度(DDPG)算法实现无人机的连续避障。在此基础上,对DDPG中的Actor网络进行改进,通过使用多模态网络代替原有策略网络,从而抑制无人机飞行震动,提高避障能力。最后,在Airsim仿真环境中进行测试,实验表明所提算法模型经过训练能够使无人机成功躲避障碍物并到达指定目标点,与原有算法相比避障轨迹得到明显改善。