A survey of safety separation management and collision avoidance approaches of civil UAS operating in integration national airspace system

Recent years have witnessed a booming of the industry of civil Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS). As an emerging industry, the UAS industry has been attracting great attention from governments of all countries and the aviation industry. UAS are highly digitalized, informationized, and intelligent; therefore, their integration into the national airspace system has become an important trend in the development of civil aviation. However, the complexity of UAS operation poses great challenges to the traditional aviation regulatory system and technical means. How to prevent collisions between UASs and between UAS and manned aircraft to achieve safe and efficient operation in the integrated operating airspace has become a common challenge for industry and academia around the world. In recent years, the international community has carried out a great amount of work and experiments in the air traffic management of UAS and some of the key technologies. This paper attempts to make a review of the UAS separation management and key technologies in collision avoidance in the integrated airspace, mainly focusing on the current situation of UAS Traffic Management (UTM), safety separation standards, detection system, collision risk prediction, collision avoidance, safety risk assessment, etc., as well as an analysis of the bottlenecks that the current researches encountered and their development trends, so as to provide some insights and references for further research in this regard. Finally, this paper makes a further summary of some of the research highlights and challenges.     

Collision Risk Mitigation in Geostationary Orbit

The short- and long-term effects of spacecraft explosions, as a function of the end-of-life re-orbit altitude above the geostationary orbit (GEO), were analyzed in terms of their additional contribution to the debris flux in the GEO ring. The simulated debris clouds were propagated for 72yrs, taking into account all the relevant orbital perturbations.The results obtained show that 6–7 additional explosions in GEO would be sufficient, in the long term, to double the current collision risk with sizable objects in GEO. Unfortunately, even if spacecraft were to re-orbit between 300 and 500km above GEO, this would not significantly improve the situation. In fact, an altitude increase of at least 2000km would have to be adopted to reduce by one order of magnitude the long-term risk of collision among geostationary satellites and explosion fragments. The optimal debris mitigation strategy should be a compromise between the reliability and effectiveness of spacecraft end-of-life passivation, the re-orbit altitude and the acceptable debris background in the GEO ring. However, for as long as the re-orbit altitudes currently used are less than 500km above GEO, new spacecraft explosions must be avoided in order to preserve the geostationary environment over the long term.     

Space traffic control: a view of the future

This paper provides an overview of a system for providing reliable, ongoing, timely situational awareness services to satellite operators. Such services would include close approach warnings, warnings of potential radio frequency interference, and other offerings designed to help make operators aware of possible threats to the safe operation of their spacecraft and measures they can take to lessen these threats. The paper discusses current trends, proposes operational requirements, and speculates on the type of organization that may emerge to provide space traffic control services. It highlights how the detailed information required for such services may affect the evolution of the use of space.     

Tether Satellite System Collision Study

A study was performed to determine the probability of collision with resident space objects and untrackable debris for the tether component of the Tethered Satellite System (TSS) after it broke away from the Space Shuttle orbiter (mission STS-75) in February 1996. Both an analytical and a numerical approach were used in this study, and the results obtained with these two methods were found to be in good agreement. These results show that the deployed tether is expected to have been impacted by several particles 0.1mm or larger in size. The probability of collision with objects 10cm in size or larger was on the order of 10^–3 per month. Since the severed tether reentered within one month after deployment, the collision hazard to other objects while in orbit was small. The analytical methods used in this study are useful for tether collision evaluations in general.     

鸟撞飞机的一般规律和防撞措施

 1.按月份统计的事故次数 不同月份鸟撞事故的次数有明显的差别。图1中实线是中国空军1957年～1982年50例的统计情况;虚线是美国空军1966年～1972年2492例的统计情况。资料表明,每年4月、5月、9月、10月为事故多发期,约占60％。日本一家民航公司1981年～1983年的统计表明约有60％的事故发生在7月～10月中。究其原因,一是春秋两季为候鸟迁徙期;二是此     

一种柔性空间双臂机器人的协同控制和避障方法

针对柔性空间机械臂在轨服务应用需求,提出一种基于刚体运动与柔性振动相耦合的空间双臂机器人协同控制方法.首先引入空间位姿变量的概念,构造出面向协同控制目标的Jacobian矩阵,建立柔性空间机器人系统的刚柔耦合动力学模型,基于指定的最小距离得到其运动学逆解,并根据系统动量矩守恒关系及系统的Jacobian矩阵,并根据机械臂末端的运动速度,然后采用阻尼最小二乘法得出关节角度,使柔性空间机器人能够有效完成协同控制和空间避障任务,并基于RecurDyn V7R5软件环境验证算法的正确性.最后,基于SolidWorks和ADAMS虚拟样机建立柔性空间机器人系统的立体CAD模型,并结合空间在轨搬运任务进行模拟仿真,柔性空间机器人关节操作和运动轨迹的仿真结果图验证了本文算法的有效性.     

复杂动态环境下无人飞行器动态避障近似最优轨迹规划

针对复杂动态环境下无人飞行器的动态障碍规避问题,基于合理假设建立了无人飞行器和动态障碍的运动学模型,并综合考虑无人飞行器飞行过程中的终端约束、控制输入约束、安全避障约束等,以能量最少为性能指标构建动态避障问题数学描述。之后,针对终端约束和控制输入约束,依据优化模型预测静态规划算法(OMPSP)生成初始轨迹;针对动态避障问题的不等式约束,引入松弛变量并结合滑模变结构控制方法设计松弛变量动力学,实现对一个、多个或同时多个动态障碍的安全规避;最后,依据有限时间微分动态规划(RHDDP)算法进行轨迹优化,获得满足上述各种约束并能规避动态障碍的近似最优轨迹。     

轮控小行星探测器建模及跳跃移动仿真

小行星探测器在弱引力环境下无法采用传统的轮式机构进行移动。为解决该问题,采用反作用飞轮对探测器跳跃移动进行控制,并分析了该方案的可行性。根据Hertz碰撞定律及简化的Karnopp切向摩擦力模型,建立了探测器与地面的接触力模型。分析了轮控小行星探测器的起跳过程,给出了探测器静止起跳所需要的最小飞轮力矩关系。考虑到反作用飞轮存在惯性、粘滞、摩擦等情况,建立了轮控探测器的姿态动力学模型,并对探测器在均匀重力场下的连续跳跃过程进行了控制策略设计及仿真。结果表明:基于飞轮控制的小行星探测器跳跃移动在微重力环境下是可行的,且可以通过施加合适的控制力矩维持探测器跳跃的方向及跳跃过程的稳定性。     

A new steering approach for VSCMGs with high precision

A new variable speed control moment gyro (VSCMG) steering law is proposed in order to achieve higher torque precision. The dynamics of VSCMGs is established, and two work modes are then designed according to command torque:control momentum gyro (CMG)/reaction wheel (RW) hybrid mode for the large torque case and RW single mode for the small. When working in the CMG/RW hybrid mode, the steering law deals with the gimbal dead-zone nonlinearity through compensation by RW sub-mode. This is in contrast to the conventional CMG singularity avoidance and wheel speed equalization, as well as the proof of definitely hyperbolic singular property of the CMG sub-mode. When working in the RW single mode, the motion of gimbals will be locked. Both the transition from CMG/RW hybrid mode to RW single mode and the reverse are studied. During the transition, wheel speed equalization and singularity avoidance of both the CMG and RW sub-modes are considered. A steering law for the RWs with locked gimbals is presented. It is shown by simulations that the VSCMGs with this new steering law could reach a better torque precision than the normal CMGs in the case of both large and small torques.     

一种新的综合TF／TA最优航迹算法

综合ＴＦ／ＴＡ是新一代低空突防技术，ＴＦ／ＴＡ最优航迹的计算是其控制系统的核心。文中提出了一种新的综合ＴＦ／ＴＡ最优航迹算法，它用动态规划和树型搜索相结合的方法，实时计算综合ＴＦ／ＴＡ最优航迹。算法考虑了飞机机动能力的约束，使最优航迹在不需要平滑处理时就是一个可实现航迹。另外还考虑了威胁的影响，使最优航迹能有效地进行威胁回避。计算结果表明，所得的最优航迹具有综合地形跟踪／回避和威胁回避的能力。