A survey of safety separation management and collision avoidance approaches of civil UAS operating in integration national airspace system

Recent years have witnessed a booming of the industry of civil Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS). As an emerging industry, the UAS industry has been attracting great attention from governments of all countries and the aviation industry. UAS are highly digitalized, informationized, and intelligent; therefore, their integration into the national airspace system has become an important trend in the development of civil aviation. However, the complexity of UAS operation poses great challenges to the traditional aviation regulatory system and technical means. How to prevent collisions between UASs and between UAS and manned aircraft to achieve safe and efficient operation in the integrated operating airspace has become a common challenge for industry and academia around the world. In recent years, the international community has carried out a great amount of work and experiments in the air traffic management of UAS and some of the key technologies. This paper attempts to make a review of the UAS separation management and key technologies in collision avoidance in the integrated airspace, mainly focusing on the current situation of UAS Traffic Management (UTM), safety separation standards, detection system, collision risk prediction, collision avoidance, safety risk assessment, etc., as well as an analysis of the bottlenecks that the current researches encountered and their development trends, so as to provide some insights and references for further research in this regard. Finally, this paper makes a further summary of some of the research highlights and challenges.     

Space traffic control: a view of the future

This paper provides an overview of a system for providing reliable, ongoing, timely situational awareness services to satellite operators. Such services would include close approach warnings, warnings of potential radio frequency interference, and other offerings designed to help make operators aware of possible threats to the safe operation of their spacecraft and measures they can take to lessen these threats. The paper discusses current trends, proposes operational requirements, and speculates on the type of organization that may emerge to provide space traffic control services. It highlights how the detailed information required for such services may affect the evolution of the use of space.     

基于SOC的ACAS无线电高度信号激励测试的设计

本文介绍了一种以SOC为核心芯片用于机载防撞系统(ACAS)中符合ARINC552A标准无线电高度信号激励测试的软硬件设计方法.采用C8051F020型SOC芯片及OPA552等芯片搭建仿真电路,利用PDIUSBD12接口芯片建立与工控机的通讯,依据ARINC552A标准,用C51编写仿真控制程序,将仿真的ACAS无线...     

基于势函数法的航天器自主姿态机动控制

主要研究存在禁止姿态的航天器自主姿态机动控制问题.首先,给出航天器的动力学和运动学模型,利用四元数描述航天器与机动姿态和禁止姿态的姿态偏差,用相应的欧拉转角描述不同姿态间的距离.为利用势函数完成禁止姿态回避,结合航天器的运动情况设计排斥势函数(RPF)存在条件后,根据禁止姿态最小允许夹角构造一种新的排斥势函数.接着,利...     

交会对接任务碰撞规避策略制定研究简

针对交会对接任务目标飞行器与追踪器轨道运行特性,综合考虑规避策略计算方法与工程实际相结合的问题,提出高度规避、时间规避以及与正常轨控相结合的碰撞规避策略计算方法等三种空间目标碰撞规避策略计算方法.高度规避计算方法采用了Lambert飞行原理,用简化二体开普勒模型取代高精度轨道预报方法,迭代求解规避机动速度增量,实现了通过约束过交点与目标径向距离差得到速度增量的最优解;时间规避计算方法通过轨道周期与速度增量的关系,实现了通过约束过交点与目标的时间差得到速度增量的最优解;与正常轨控相结合的碰撞规避策略计算方法,在正常控制考虑冗余控制量的基础上,对控制策略的控制开始时间或沿迹方向的速度增量进行较小的修正,使两者通过碰撞点的时刻或径向距离错开,达到碰撞规避的目的,该方法不仅可以节省燃料、而且对任务的影响较小.通过对三种空间目标碰撞规避策略计算方法仿真分析结果表明,完全适用于交会对接任务,可为我国载人航天任务飞行安全提供技术保障.     

A new steering approach for VSCMGs with high precision

A new variable speed control moment gyro (VSCMG) steering law is proposed in order to achieve higher torque precision. The dynamics of VSCMGs is established, and two work modes are then designed according to command torque:control momentum gyro (CMG)/reaction wheel (RW) hybrid mode for the large torque case and RW single mode for the small. When working in the CMG/RW hybrid mode, the steering law deals with the gimbal dead-zone nonlinearity through compensation by RW sub-mode. This is in contrast to the conventional CMG singularity avoidance and wheel speed equalization, as well as the proof of definitely hyperbolic singular property of the CMG sub-mode. When working in the RW single mode, the motion of gimbals will be locked. Both the transition from CMG/RW hybrid mode to RW single mode and the reverse are studied. During the transition, wheel speed equalization and singularity avoidance of both the CMG and RW sub-modes are considered. A steering law for the RWs with locked gimbals is presented. It is shown by simulations that the VSCMGs with this new steering law could reach a better torque precision than the normal CMGs in the case of both large and small torques.     

基于Lyapunov方法的双臂空间机器人避障碍分级非完整运动规划

以Lyapunov方法为基础,讨论了载体姿态与位置均不受控制的双臂空间机器人系统的避障碍分级非完整运动规划问题.该方法充分利用系统的非完整动力学性质,以系统动量矩守恒关系及运动Jacobi关系为基础,建立控制设计所需的系统状态方程及控制输出方程;并在Lyapunov函数的选取上采用两级采取方式,即初级Lyapunov函数确保双臂空间机器人的两个末端抓手从初始位置运动到指定的终点位置,次级Lyapunov函数则确保两个末端抓手避开工作空间中的障碍区域;两级合成则使双臂空间机器人的两个末端抓手既实现了指定的位置移动又避开了障碍区域.系统数值仿真,证明了方法的有效性.      

一种适用于航路改变情况的冲突概率预测算法

针对如何有效地预测飞行中将发生的冲突,提出了适用于航路改变情况下的冲突预测算法.基于飞机实际飞行轨迹的不确定性,计算冲突发生的概率来预测冲突发生的可能性.改进了直线航路预测算法,充分利用ADS-B(广播式自动相关监视)所提供的航路意图信息,获得飞机航路改变点及航路偏转角,依此进行相应的矩阵变换来计算航路改变后的误差协方差矩阵,并利用有效的近似方法对继续累加的误差表示进行简化,进而实现冲突发生概率的计算.运用Monte-Carlo方法进行仿真,结果验证了其较好的准确性,与直线航路算法的比较表明了其在更复杂环境下具有的适用性和有效性.     

基于DDPG-PID的机器人动态目标跟踪与避障控制研究

针对机器人在动态复杂环境下的操作问题,研究机械臂跟踪运动目标及避障的运动控制方法。采用传统PID控制方法与DDPG强化学习算法相结合的方式,利用PID控制使得机械臂的工作平面快速接近目标物并与之重合,再使用DDPG算法让机械臂在平面内自主学习追踪目标物投影同时避开障碍物投影,最终在三维空间中实现跟踪与避障。该方法将机械臂作为一个智能体,智能体通过感知目标物和障碍物的距离偏差来自主学习避障跟踪策略。将本方法用于多自由度机械臂路径规划与避障任务中,对比单纯使用DDPG算法将机械臂作为智能体在空间中进行决策控制,仿真结果显示本文所提出的方法收敛效果和控制性能更好,机械臂能在训练后实现目标物的稳定跟踪和障碍物的躲避。     

基于DDPG的单目无人机避障算法

提出了一种基于单目相机的小型多旋翼无人机的连续避障策略。所提出的方法包括深度估计和导航决策两个模块。其中,在深度估计模块采用条件对抗网络对无人机采集得到的RGB图片进行训练预处理,在导航决策模块采用深度确定性策略梯度(DDPG)算法实现无人机的连续避障。在此基础上,对DDPG中的Actor网络进行改进,通过使用多模态网络代替原有策略网络,从而抑制无人机飞行震动,提高避障能力。最后,在Airsim仿真环境中进行测试,实验表明所提算法模型经过训练能够使无人机成功躲避障碍物并到达指定目标点,与原有算法相比避障轨迹得到明显改善。