西部地区高校国际交流与合作现状及思考

在经济全球化,教育国际化的大背景下,西部地区高校和西部大开发的强劲东风,积极拓展了教育国际间的交流与合作,有力地推动了西部地区高等教育国际化的进程。但又由于受地域偏远、交通不发达和经济发展缓慢的影响,西部地区高校国际交流与合作和我国东部发展地区相比,在广度和深度方面还有很大的差距,面临着很大的发展空间。     

关于中国远西地区发展通用航空的若干问题

通过介绍我国远西地区的基本情况和战略地位，并就民用航空对该地区经济发展的重要推动作用和通用航空市场需求进行了分析，提出了我国远西地区发展通用航空的资金、组织机构、空管、适用机型等建议、设想以及实施战略。     

西部大开发中的人力资源开发浅谈

本文通过对西部地区现有人才状况的简单分析 ,提出了西部地区要更新人才观念 ,制定切实可行的政策 ,留住和吸引人才。要改变现有的人才浪费现象 ,通过开展多种形式的培训 ,特别是思维训练和观念变革的培训 ,使现有人才迅速适应WTO的有关规则 ,跟上时代的变化步伐。同时 ,尽可能创造宽松的环境条件 ,吸引国内外优秀人才回归。利用西部大开发提供的历史机遇 ,发挥各类人才的聪明才智 ,为西部地区经济腾飞做出贡献     

United Nations Human Space Technology Initiative (HSTI)

The Human Space Technology Initiative was launched in 2010 within the framework of the United Nations Programme on Space Applications implemented by the Office for Outer Space Affairs of the United Nations. It aims to involve more countries in activities related to human spaceflight and space exploration and to increase the benefits from the outcome of such activities through international cooperation, to make space exploration a truly international effort.     

Verb Semantics Affects the Interpretation of Spatial Prepositions

Abstract

Spatial prepositions, more specifically projective prepositions, such as in front of or behind can be interpreted in different ways. Their interpretation depends on the spatial perspective taken as the basis for determining the reference frame's orientation. In 3 series of placement experiments with German speakers, we examined whether the interpretation of projective prepositions in a motion context is affected by the verb used in a spatial instruction. Results suggest that verb semantics is a factor accounting for previously observed seemingly social-situational differences in the interpretation of projective prepositions. Specifically, the findings indicate that, relative to a car as reference object, the semantic aspect of motion interruption associated with some verbs leads to a higher proportion of deictic interpretations determined by the direction from which one is approaching the car. This verb effect on the interpretation of spatial prepositions can be explained by an activation of the temporal dimension through stop-implying verbs, which is integrated into the spatial situation model of the perceived dynamic scene making the deictic frame of reference more compatible. The experimental evidence also shows that verb semantics can account for previously unexplained cross-linguistic differences, and is related to patterns concerning the prepositional inventory of languages.     

Severe disruption of the cytoskeleton and immunologically relevant surface molecules in a human macrophageal cell line in microgravity—Results of an in vitro experiment on board of the Shenzhou-8 space mission

During spaceflight the immune system is one of the most affected systems of the human body. During the SIMBOX (Science in Microgravity Box) mission on Shenzhou-8, we investigated microgravity-associated long-term alterations in macrophageal cells, the most important effector cells of the immune system. We analyzed the effect of long-term microgravity on the cytoskeleton and immunologically relevant surface molecules. Human U937 cells were differentiated into a macrophageal phenotype and exposed to microgravity or 1g on a reference centrifuge on-orbit for 5 days. After on-orbit fixation, the samples were analyzed with immunocytochemical staining and confocal microscopy after landing. The unmanned Shenzhou-8 spacecraft was launched on board a Long March 2F (CZ-2F) rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center (JSLC) and landed after a 17-day-mission. We found a severely disturbed actin cytoskeleton, disorganized tubulin and distinctly reduced expression of CD18, CD36 and MHC-II after the 5 days in microgravity. The disturbed cytoskeleton, the loss of surface receptors for bacteria recognition, the activation of T lymphocytes, the loss of an important scavenger receptor and of antigen-presenting molecules could represent a dysfunctional macrophage phenotype. This phenotype in microgravity would be not capable of migrating or recognizing and attacking pathogens, and it would no longer activate the specific immune system, which could be investigated in functional assays. Obviously, the results have to be interpreted with caution as the model system has some limitations and due to numerous technical and biological restrictions (e.g. 23 °C and no CO₂ supply during in-flight incubation). All parameter were carefully pre-tested on ground. Therefore, the experiment could be adapted to the experimental conditions available on Shenzhou-8.     

Design and Verification of the Feet Design used for the “Heat Flow Property Package Instrument” (HP3) on-board the Mars Mission InSight

The HP³ instrument measures the thermal flux through the Martian crust using a penetration probe. Launched on the InSight mission in 2018, HP³ was deployed for penetration activities in the beginning of 2019. During initial operation, the instrument is vulnerable to slip, due to a combination of low system mass (3.3 kg on Earth), shocks delivered by the penetration probe’s action, and the possibility of an inclined attitude on the surface. An uncontrolled position change of the instrument on the surface can reduce the scientific output and even lead to a loss of the experiment if the probe’s supporting structure moves laterally. Naturally, the design of the feet has major impact on the total amount of slippage. A new design for the feet with a high slippage resistance capability at a low level of complexity and mass was developed for this instrument’s supporting structure. The design provides sufficient slippage resistance while fulfilling the challenging set of requirements for a Mars surface mission. The design was verified by test campaigns which emulate launch environments and operational behavior on Mars. This paper gives a detailed overview of the HP³ instrument itself, the relevant requirements, the complex different test campaigns and the final flight design.     

西部资源开发中环境保护的税收政策探讨

经济增长和环境保护是全球共同关注的话题。借鉴国外环境保护税收理论，分析我国现行税收制度中存在的不利于环境保护的缺陷，探讨完善西部资源开发中促进环境保护的税收政策，以实现在经济可持续发展的同时，对生态环境的最佳利用和保护。     

美国,西德和意大利的真空计量

近几年来,我们先后访问了美国NBS、西德PTB和意大利IMGC,他们都是国际上重要的计量学研究中心。本文将着重介绍他们的真空计量工作,由此也可以了解到国际真空计量学研究的一些动向和趋势。NBS超声干涉仪水银压力计,为国际最高水平。PTB的超高真空计量标准——分子束法(10~(-10)P_a)为国际最好水平。IMGC建有从10~5～10~(-5)Pa区间的各种标准。     

T cell regulation in microgravity – The current knowledge from in vitro experiments conducted in space,parabolic flights and ground-based facilities

Dating back to the Apollo and Skylab missions, it has been reported that astronauts suffered from bacterial and viral infections during space flight or after returning to Earth. Blood analyses revealed strongly reduced capability of human lymphocytes to become active upon mitogenic stimulation. Since then, a large number of in vitro studies on human immune cells have been conducted in space, in parabolic flights, and in ground-based facilities. It became obvious that microgravity affects cell morphology and important cellular functions. Observed changes include cell proliferation, the cytoskeleton, signal transduction and gene expression. This review gives an overview of the current knowledge of T cell regulation under altered gravity conditions obtained by in vitro studies with special emphasis on the cell culture conditions used. We propose that future in vitro experiments should follow rigorous standardized cell culture conditions, which allows better comparison of the results obtained in different flight- and ground-based experiment platforms.