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本文对自适应发汗冷却(SCAT)弹头的热防护问题作了简化分析,并导得了热防护计算的简化计算公式。对铊,铟,锡和水四种冷却剂的情况,给出了算例。本文导行的公式,计算较简便,可作为弹头热防护设计的一种工程计算方法。这种工程计算方法亦可以用于地模拟实验前的予算。 相似文献
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发汗式主动冷却金属热防护系统主动冷却效率研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
发汗式主动冷却金属热防护系统是一种新型概念,将发汗冷却方法应用于金属热防护系统中,用于提高金属热防护系统的热载荷承载能力,是解决临近空间高超声速飞行器防热问题的有效方法。设计并建立了发汗式主动冷却金属热防护系统的实验模型,分析了发汗式主动冷却金属热防护系统的基本冷却原理,测量了同一实验模型分别在有无发汗冷却作用下,沿厚度方向不同位置测量点的温度响应。结果表明:在相同的加热条件,采用发汗冷却方法,可以使受热蒙皮材料达到相同温度的时间明显滞后;在发汗冷却作用的过程中,内部隔热层的温度不会超过水的沸点温度;采用发汗冷却方法,可以使同一结构热载荷承载能力至少提高70%;通过合理的结构设计,可以减少受热蒙皮由于热膨胀而引起的结构变形。
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发汗冷却系统烧蚀界面的能控性条件 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
本文讨论在给定时段内,用发汗剂流量控制烧蚀界面不超过给定界面的可控性问题,给出了可控性定理及最优控制的近似解法。 相似文献
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Hemant L. Gohil Melanie J. Correll Thomas Sinclair 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2011
As part of a Bio-regenerative Life Support System (BLSS) for long-term space missions, plants will likely be grown at reduced pressure. This low pressure will minimize structural requirements for growth chambers on missions to the Moon or Mars. However, at reduced pressures the diffusivity of gases increases. This will affect the rates at which CO2 is assimilated and water is transpired through stomata. To understand quantitatively the possible effects of reduced pressure on plant growth, CO2 and H2O transport were calculated for atmospheres of various total pressures (101, 66, 33, 22, 11 kPa) and CO2 concentrations (0.04, 0.1 and 0.18 kPa). The diffusivity of a gas is inversely proportional to total pressure and shows dramatic increases at pressures below 33 kPa (1/3 atm). A mathematical relationship based on the principle of thermodynamics was applied to low pressure conditions and can be used for calculating the transpiration and photosynthesis of plants grown in hypobaria. At 33 kPa total pressure, the stomatal conductance increases by a factor of three with the boundary layer conductance increasing by a factor of ∼1.7, since the leaf conductance is a function of both stomatal and the boundary layer conductance, the overall conductance will increase resulting in significantly higher levels of transpiration as the pressure drops. The conductance of gases is also regulated by stomatal aperture in an inverse relationship. The higher CO2 concentration inside the leaf air space during low pressure treatments may result in higher CO2 assimilation and partial stomata closure, resulting in a decrease in transpiration rate. The results of this analysis offer guidelines for experiments in pressure and high CO2 environments to establish ideal conditions for minimizing transpiration and maximizing the plant biomass yield in BLSS. 相似文献
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Raymond M. Wheeler Gary W. Stutte Cheryl L. Mackowiak Neil C. Yorio John C. Sager William M. Knott 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008,41(5):798-806
Plants can provide a means for removing carbon dioxide (CO2) while generating oxygen (O2) and clean water for life support systems in space. To study this, 20 m2 stands of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants were grown in a large (113 m3 vol.), atmospherically closed chamber. Photosynthetic uptake of CO2 by the stands was detected about 10 DAP (days after planting), after which photosynthetic rates rose rapidly as stand ground cover and total light interception increased. Photosynthetic rates peaked ca. 50 DAP near 45 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1 under 865 μmol m−2 s−1 PPF (average photosynthetic photon flux), and near 35 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1 under 655 μmol m−2 s−1 PPF. Short term changes in PPF caused a linear response in stand photosynthetic rates up to 1100 μmol m−2 s−1 PPF, with a light compensation point of 185 μmol m−2 s−1 PPF. Comparisons of stand photosynthetic rates at different CO2 concentrations showed a classic C3 response, with saturation occurring near 1200 μmol mol−1 CO2 and compensation near 100 μmol mol−1 CO2. In one study, the photoperiod was changed from 12 h light/12 h dark to continuous light at 58 DAP. This caused a decrease in net photosynthetic rates within 48 h and eventual damage (scorching) of upper canopy leaves, suggesting the abrupt change stressed the plants and/or caused feedback effects on photosynthesis. Dark period (night) respiration rates increased during early growth as standing biomass increased and peaked near 9 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1 ca. 50 DAP, after which rates declined gradually with age. Stand transpiration showed a rapid rise with canopy ground cover and peaked ca. 50 DAP near 8.9 L m−2 d−1 under 860 μmol m−2 s−1 PPF and near 6.3 L m−2 d−1 under 650 μmol m−2 s−1 PPF. Based on the best photosynthetic rates from these studies, approximately 25 m2 of potato plants under continuous cultivation would be required to support the CO2 removal and O2 requirements for one person. 相似文献
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Review on active thermal protection and its heat transfer for airbreathing hypersonic vehicles 总被引:8,自引:6,他引:2
Hypersonic vehicles with turbojet, ramjet, and scramjet engines are expected to be widely applied to future transportation systems. Due to high-speed flight in the atmosphere, body outer surfaces suffer strong aerodynamic heating, and on the other hand, combustion chamber inter walls are under extremely high temperature and heat flux. Therefore, more efficient and stable active cooling technologies are required in hypersonic vehicles, such as regenerative cooling, film cooling, and transpiration cooling, as well as their combinations. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review on three active cooling methods, i.e., regenerative cooling, film cooling, and transpiration cooling, and deeply analyzes the mechanism of each cooling method, including the fluids flow, heat transfer, and thermal cracking characteristics of different hydrocarbon fuels in regenerative cooling, the heat transfer and flow mechanism of film cooling under supersonic mainstream conditions, and the heat transfer and flow mechanism of transpiration cooling. 相似文献