Conceptual design of a bioregenerative life support system containing crops and silkworms

This article summarizes a conceptual design of a bioregenerative life support system for permanent lunar base or planetary exploration. The system consists of seven compartments – higher plants cultivation, animal rearing, human habitation, water recovery, waste treatment, atmosphere management, and storages. Fifteen kinds of crops, such as wheat, rice, soybean, lettuce, and mulberry, were selected as main life support contributors to provide the crew with air, water, and vegetable food. Silkworms fed by crop leaves were designated to produce partial animal nutrition for the crew. Various physical-chemical and biological methods were combined to reclaim wastewater and solid waste. Condensate collected from atmosphere was recycled into potable water through granular activated carbon adsorption, iodine sterilization, and trace element supplementation. All grey water was also purified though multifiltration and ultraviolet sterilization. Plant residue, human excrement, silkworm feces, etc. were decomposed into inorganic substances which were finally absorbed by higher plants. Some meat, ingredients, as well as nitrogen fertilizer were prestored and resupplied periodically. Meanwhile, the same amount and chemical composition of organic waste was dumped to maintain the steady state of the system. A nutritional balanced diet was developed by means of the linear programming method. It could provide 2721 kcal of energy, 375.5 g of carbohydrate, 99.47 g of protein, and 91.19 g of fat per capita per day. Silkworm powder covered 12.54% of total animal protein intakes. The balance of material flows between compartments was described by the system of stoichiometric equations. Basic life support requirements for crews including oxygen, food, potable and hygiene water summed up to 29.68 kg per capita per day. The coefficient of system material closure reached 99.40%.     

Silkworms culture as a source of protein for humans in space

This paper focuses on the problem about a configuration with complete nutrition for humans in a Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) applied in the spacebases. The possibility of feeding silkworms to provide edible animal protein with high quality for taikonauts during long-term spaceflights and lunar-based missions was investigated from several aspects, including the nutrition structure of silkworms, feeding method, processing methods, feeding equipment, growing conditions and the influences on the space environmental condition changes caused by the silkworms. The originally inedible silk is also regarded as a protein source. A possible process of edible silk protein was brought forward in this paper. After being processed, the silk can be converted to edible protein for humans. The conclusion provides a promising approach to solving the protein supply problem for the taikonauts living in space during an extended exploration period.     

一个关于食品安全监管的实证分析框架

在明确食品安全监管目标函数定位的基础上，通过分析影响食品安全监管的强制性因素（行政体系、立法体系、司法监督体系、舆论监督体系）和扰乱性因素（对上级的敷衍、地方保护主义、自身经济利益、制度漏洞、院外集团），给出了一个实证分析框架。该模式运用德尔斐法，得出的结论不仅可以作为评判食品安全监管绩效的参考，而且有关部门还可据此有针对性地强化相对较弱的强制性因素，并重点对表现强烈的扰乱性因素采取相应的措施。     

己二酸酯类增塑剂向橄榄油中迁移量的测定方法

采用精馏橄榄油为模拟物,对PVC食品接触材料中四种己二酸酯类增塑剂向脂类食品模拟物的迁移量进行了检测,并对萃取条件和萃取试剂进行了优化,采用GC—MS技术,通过外标法进行迁移量的检测。研究表明,此方法具有方法简便,重现性好,灵敏度高,定性、定量准确可靠的特点,最低检测限可达5mg／kg,回收率为83．20％～106．13％,标准偏差为1．60％～3．34％,可实际应用于PVC食品接触材料己二酸酯类增塑剂迁移量的检测。     

“易粪相食”与大学生诚信危机

由日常生活中大学生对待食品安全事件的态度，引发对大学生诚信危机现象的思考。     

中国食物安全及主产区经济补偿机制研究进展

食物安全是国家社会经济稳定发展的重要基础,地少人多的特殊国情使得中国食物安全历来受到各界人士的关注,我国农地资源分布具有显著的地域空间布局差异,由于农业经营收益的低效性,农业主产区农户生产的积极性低落有碍于国家食物安全的保障.当前众多学者基于农业生产的公共物品属性,认为主产区经济补偿机制研究是维护食物安全的重要经济调控手段,但其研究仍处于学术讨论阶段,其实践有待于进一步加强.作者对食物安全的概念、研究层次、评价方法、驱动力分析、格局演变和食物产区基金补偿机制等研究进行归纳总结和梳理,并对其研究趋势进行展望分析,认为当前食物安全预警和农业经济补偿研究主要集中在对粮食安全的研究,而在综合食物安全预警、居民食物结构演变对食物安全的影响和主产区农业生产的经济补偿机制等方面有待于进一步加强.     

具有食饵选择的食物链模型的定性分析

生态学研究发现,多种食饵选择对捕食者-食饵系统的稳定性、持久性等方面有着重要的影响。处于食物链中间层的种群,既是顶层捕食者的食饵,同时又是捕食者,因此中间捕食者的种群数量变化,对整个生态系统有着不可忽略的影响。假设中间捕食者具有其他可供选择的食饵,建立了一个由顶级捕食者、中间捕食者和食饵所构成的三维食物链系统,并对此系统展开动力学分析,推导出系统各个平衡点的存在性和稳定性条件。对Hopf分支的存在性条件进行了深入的分析,并以食饵选择参数为分支参数,对可能出现的Hopf分支情况进行了数值模拟。结合理论和数值结果,分析食饵选择性对食物链系统的稳定性产生的影响。      

Initial ground experiments of silkworm cultures living on different feedstock for provision of high quality animal protein for human in space

Silkworm could be an alternative to provide edible animal protein in Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) for long-term manned space missions. Silkworms can consume non-edible plant residue and convert plant nutrients to high quality edible animal protein for astronauts. The preliminary investigation of silkworm culture was carried out in earth environment. The silkworms were fed with artificial silkworm diet and the leaves of stem lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. angustana Irish) separately and the nutritional structure of silkworm was investigated and compared, The culture experiments showed that: (1) Stem lettuce leaves could be used as food of silkworm. The protein content of silkworm fed with lettuce leaves can reach 70% of dry mass. (2) The protein content of silkworm powder produced by the fifth instar silkworm larvae was 70%, which was similar to the protein content of silkworm pupae. The powder of the fifth instar silkworm larvae can be utilized by astronaut. (3) The biotransformation rate of silkworm larvae between the third instar and the fifth instar could reach above 70%. The biotransformation cycle of silkworm was determined as 24 days. (4) Using the stem lettuce leaves to raise silkworm, the coarse fiber content of silkworm excrements reached about 33%. The requirements of space silkworm culture equipment, feeding approaches and feeding conditions were also preliminarily designed and calculated. It is estimated that 2.2 m³ of culture space could satisfy daily animal protein demand for seven astronauts.     

Korean space food development: Ready-to-eat Kimchi, a traditional Korean fermented vegetable,sterilized with high-dose gamma irradiation

Addition of calcium lactate and vitamin C, a mild heating, deep-freezing, and gamma irradiation at 25 kGy were conducted to prepare Kimchi as a ready-to-eat space food. It was confirmed that the space food was sterilized by an irradiation at 25 kGy through incubation at 37 °C for 30 days. The hardness of the Space Kimchi (SK) was lower than the untreated Kimchi (CON), but higher than the irradiated Kimchi (IR). Also, this result was supported by the scanning electron microscopic observation. Sensory attributes of the SK were similar to CON, and maintained during preservation at 35 °C for 30 days. According to the Ames test, Kimchi sterilized with a high-dose irradiation exerted no mutagenic activity in the bacterial strains of Salmonella typhimurium. And, the SK was certificated for use in space flight conditions during 30 days by the Russian Institute of Biomedical Problems.     

保障国家粮食安全和促进中部农业发展的思路与建议

中部是我国粮食安全体系中重要一环,也是“三农”问题最集中和最突出的地区。协调保障国家粮食安全和促进中部工业化、城市化发展之间的关系,是促进城乡协调发展和解决“三农”问题的重要环节,也是促进中部崛起的关键。当前我国中部农业发展中存在着农业比重大,工业化、城市化发展滞后,农业产业“弱质”化,乡村债务沉重,农技推广和农村服务体系薄弱等一系列问题。解决的基本思路是：以投入换产出、以产出换土地、以工业化和城市化带动农业及农村发展。