Collision Risk Mitigation in Geostationary Orbit

The short- and long-term effects of spacecraft explosions, as a function of the end-of-life re-orbit altitude above the geostationary orbit (GEO), were analyzed in terms of their additional contribution to the debris flux in the GEO ring. The simulated debris clouds were propagated for 72yrs, taking into account all the relevant orbital perturbations.The results obtained show that 6–7 additional explosions in GEO would be sufficient, in the long term, to double the current collision risk with sizable objects in GEO. Unfortunately, even if spacecraft were to re-orbit between 300 and 500km above GEO, this would not significantly improve the situation. In fact, an altitude increase of at least 2000km would have to be adopted to reduce by one order of magnitude the long-term risk of collision among geostationary satellites and explosion fragments. The optimal debris mitigation strategy should be a compromise between the reliability and effectiveness of spacecraft end-of-life passivation, the re-orbit altitude and the acceptable debris background in the GEO ring. However, for as long as the re-orbit altitudes currently used are less than 500km above GEO, new spacecraft explosions must be avoided in order to preserve the geostationary environment over the long term.     

Space traffic control: a view of the future

This paper provides an overview of a system for providing reliable, ongoing, timely situational awareness services to satellite operators. Such services would include close approach warnings, warnings of potential radio frequency interference, and other offerings designed to help make operators aware of possible threats to the safe operation of their spacecraft and measures they can take to lessen these threats. The paper discusses current trends, proposes operational requirements, and speculates on the type of organization that may emerge to provide space traffic control services. It highlights how the detailed information required for such services may affect the evolution of the use of space.     

Tether Satellite System Collision Study

A study was performed to determine the probability of collision with resident space objects and untrackable debris for the tether component of the Tethered Satellite System (TSS) after it broke away from the Space Shuttle orbiter (mission STS-75) in February 1996. Both an analytical and a numerical approach were used in this study, and the results obtained with these two methods were found to be in good agreement. These results show that the deployed tether is expected to have been impacted by several particles 0.1mm or larger in size. The probability of collision with objects 10cm in size or larger was on the order of 10^–3 per month. Since the severed tether reentered within one month after deployment, the collision hazard to other objects while in orbit was small. The analytical methods used in this study are useful for tether collision evaluations in general.     

鸟撞飞机的一般规律和防撞措施

 1.按月份统计的事故次数 不同月份鸟撞事故的次数有明显的差别。图1中实线是中国空军1957年～1982年50例的统计情况;虚线是美国空军1966年～1972年2492例的统计情况。资料表明,每年4月、5月、9月、10月为事故多发期,约占60％。日本一家民航公司1981年～1983年的统计表明约有60％的事故发生在7月～10月中。究其原因,一是春秋两季为候鸟迁徙期;二是此     

基于BL碰撞算法求解排样过程中干涉的问题

在自动排料过程中,采用BL排放策略的移动碰撞算法时,需要反复地更新待排板料中多边形的边界,在某次更新边界的规则不合理时,排放下一块料极易出现图形干涉的现象。针对这个问题,本文采用计算机图形学和计算几何方面的知识,提出一种解决合成多边形时出现干涉问题的方法。     

基于包围盒的碰撞检测算法

详细分析比较了基于包围盒的碰撞检测算法中的轴向包围盒法、方向包围盒法、离散方向多面体法的检测原理和检测效率,并改进了轴向包围盒碰撞检测算法,提出利用简化包围盒边缘节点实现碰撞检测的新设想,其可行性已被初步试验证实。不仅显著提高了碰撞检测的速度,而且可以便捷地得到更为详细的碰撞检测信息,满足了进一步进行碰撞响应处理的需要,使飞行模拟机的视景系统能够实时、准确地检测出虚拟物体间的碰撞。     

气固紊流剪切流中颗粒弥散的拉格朗日模拟

本文提出了一种对于气固两相紊流剪切流中圆形固体颗粒弥散的拉格朗日拟计算方法，其中考虑了颗粒间的磁撞对流体相和颗料相的影响，应用该方法对一气固紊流剪切流场进行了模拟计算，并对有、无颗粒间磁撞情况下的模拟计算结果与Lavieville用大涡模拟方法的研究结果进行了比较，并进行了讨论。     

Attitude control system design and on-orbit performance analysis of nano-satellite––‘‘Tian Tuo 1’’

‘‘Tian Tuo 1'(TT-1) nano-satellite is the first single-board nano-satellite that was successfully launched in China. The main objective of TT-1 is technology demonstration and scientific measurements. The satellite carries out the significant exploration of single-board architecture feasibility validation, and it is tailored to the low-cost philosophy by adopting numerous commercialoff-the-shelf(COTS) components. The satellite is featured with three-axis stabilization control capability. A pitch bias momentum wheel and three magnetic coils are adopted as control actuators.The sun sensors, magnetometers and a three-axis gyro are employed as the measurement sensors.The quaternion estimator(QUEST) and unscented Kalman filter(UKF) method are adopted for the nano-satellite attitude determination. On-orbit data received by ground station is conducted to analysis the performance of attitude determination and control system(ADCS). The results show that the design of ADCS for TT-1 is suitable, robust and feasible.     

交会对接任务碰撞规避策略制定研究简

针对交会对接任务目标飞行器与追踪器轨道运行特性,综合考虑规避策略计算方法与工程实际相结合的问题,提出高度规避、时间规避以及与正常轨控相结合的碰撞规避策略计算方法等三种空间目标碰撞规避策略计算方法.高度规避计算方法采用了Lambert飞行原理,用简化二体开普勒模型取代高精度轨道预报方法,迭代求解规避机动速度增量,实现了通过约束过交点与目标径向距离差得到速度增量的最优解;时间规避计算方法通过轨道周期与速度增量的关系,实现了通过约束过交点与目标的时间差得到速度增量的最优解;与正常轨控相结合的碰撞规避策略计算方法,在正常控制考虑冗余控制量的基础上,对控制策略的控制开始时间或沿迹方向的速度增量进行较小的修正,使两者通过碰撞点的时刻或径向距离错开,达到碰撞规避的目的,该方法不仅可以节省燃料、而且对任务的影响较小.通过对三种空间目标碰撞规避策略计算方法仿真分析结果表明,完全适用于交会对接任务,可为我国载人航天任务飞行安全提供技术保障.     

非预混条件下的旋转爆轰燃烧室双波头演化过程数值模拟

针对旋转爆轰燃烧室双波头演化过程中流场结构变化的问题,对非预混条件下的旋转爆轰燃烧室从起爆到形成稳定的双波头过程进行了数值模拟研究。研究结果表明,从起爆到形成稳定爆轰过程,燃烧室主要经历了起爆、爆轰波对撞和稳定爆轰三个阶段;在爆轰波对撞阶段,首次对撞是两个爆轰波间的对撞,由于对撞点处缺少新鲜混合气,从而在对撞结束后衰减为两个压力波。第二次对撞是两个压力波间的对撞,因为在第二次对撞点附近存在新鲜混合气来支撑爆轰波的持续传播,故对撞结束后产生了一个爆轰波和一个较弱的压力波;第二次对撞发生后,燃烧室内的压力波反射叠加并形成局部高压区,此高压区压缩气体使气体温度升高,高温气体引燃混合气后,最终发展成为第二个爆轰波;稳定阶段,两个爆轰波均能稳定自持传播,爆轰波峰面压力可达1.45MPa,波后温度为2500K,爆轰波速度稳定在1738m/s,产生的推力与比冲分别为79.76N和2312.15s;斜激波的存在使燃烧室出口平面流场产生了较大波动。