E10.7指数在软X射线谱段的修正应用

表征EUV辐射通量的E10.7指数在越来越多的研究和应用中被用来代替传统的F10.7指数.X射线对地球D层和E层的电离起着重要作用,但由于D层观测数据的不足和E层电离源的多样性,难以被用来考虑X射线对电离层的影响.火星电离层下层的电离源几乎是单一的软X射线,这为研究X射线对电离层的作用提供了可能性.通过研究火星电离层下层的峰值电子浓度对E10.7的依赖关系,发现即便经过必要的修正,这种关系对不同的观测时段并不具备一致性.通过理论推导和数据分析,得到了一种特别用于描述太阳软X射线辐射通量的新指数,即Xs指数,用来替代E10.7指数.Xs指数在描述火星电离层下层对太阳辐射的依赖关系时,不同的观测时段有很好的一致性,表明Xs指数在表征太阳软X射线辐射强度方面比E10.7指数更加合适.      

The South Pole-Aitken basin region,Moon: GIS-based geologic investigation using Kaguya elemental information

Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), we performed comparative analysis among stratigraphic information and the Kaguya (SELENE) GRS data of the ∼2500-km-diameter South Pole-Aitken (SPA) basin and its surroundings. Results indicate that the surface rock materials (including ancient crater materials, mare basalts, and possible SPA impact melt) are average to slightly elevated in K and Th with respect to the rest of the Moon. Also, this study demonstrates that K and Th have not significantly changed since the formation of SPA. The elemental signatures of the impact basin of Fe, Ti, Si, O through time include evidence for resurfacing by ejecta materials and late-stage volcanism. The oldest surfaces of SPA are found to be oxygen-depleted during the heavy bombardment period relative to later stages of geologic development, followed by both an increase in silicon and oxygen, possibly due to ejecta sourced from outside of SPA, and subsequent modification due to mare basaltic volcanism, which increased iron and titanium within SPA. The influence of the distinct geologic history of SPA and surroundings on the mineralogic and elemental abundances is evident as shown in our investigation.     

基于MARSIS的火星低纬度电离层统计特性研究

在对欧空局火星快车探测器搭载的MARSIS雷达的浅表层探测数据进行校准过程中,获得了火星电离层的总电子含量(total electron content,TEC)观测数据。利用该数据,计算火星低纬度地区电离层的峰值电子密度和标高;并对其进行统计分析发现,在低纬度地区,火星冬季电离层的标高和峰值电子密度均较夏季高,即冬季电离层较夏季更显著,且春季电离层的电子密度梯度最大。     

基于IMU/FADS/无线电的火星上升器组合导航方案

以火星采样返回任务中火星表面上升为背景,研究了基于惯性测量单元（Inertial Measurement Unit, IMU）、嵌入式大气数据传感系统（Flush Air Data Sensing System, FADS）和无线电信标的组合导航方法。首先,在传统的IMU导航框架中加入由无线电测量获得的相对距离、速度信息,以及由FADS获取的动压、温度数据,建立了基于IMU、无线电和FADS的导航观测模型;然后,基于无迹卡尔曼滤波（Unscented Kalman Filter, UKF）技术对测量信息进行了融合,并压制了过程噪声和测量噪声,从而对上升器的状态进行了联合估计;最后,在数值仿真中,将UKF与自适应无迹卡尔曼滤波（Adaptive Unscented Kalman Filter, AUKF）技术进行了对比,在比较不同滤波器性能的同时,验证了组合导航方法的有效性。     

自由段弹道扰动引力计算的球谐函数极点变换

为提高弹道导弹自由段扰动引力赋值速度,提出了自由段扰动引力计算的球谐函数极点变换一般方法。重点针对轨道动量矩与天球交点为极点及主动段关机点为极点两种情况,推导了考虑侧向偏差和地球旋转修正的扰动引力计算的球谐函数极点变换模型。仿真分析表明:从落点偏差来看,前者扰动引力计算相对误差为1.89%,后者为6.07%,满足诸元和制导精度要求。     

A neutral gas mass spectrometer to measure the chemical composition of the stratosphere

The Polar Balloon Atmospheric Composition Experiment (P-BACE) is a new generation of neutral gas mass spectrometer based on the time-of-flight principle. P-BACE is the scientific experiment on the Mars Environment Analog Platform (MEAP) flown successfully on a balloon mission in summer 2008. The MEAP mission was flown with a 334,000 m³ helium balloon in the stratosphere on a semicircular trajectory from northern Sweden around the North Pole to Canada using the summer northern hemispheric wind current. The atmospheric conditions at an atmospheric altitude of 35–40 km are remarkably similar to those on the surface of Mars and thus the balloon mission was an ideal testbed for our mass spectrometer P-BACE. Originally this instrument was designed for in situ measurements of the chemical composition of the Martian atmosphere.P-BACE has a unique mass range from 0 to 1000 amu/q with a mass resolution m/Δm (FWHM) > 1000, and the dynamic range is at least six orders of magnitude. During this experiment, the acquisition of one mass spectrum is a sum of 65,535 single spectra, recorded in a time frame of 66 s.The balloon mission lasted 5 days and had successfully demonstrated the functionality of the P-BACE instrument during flight conditions. We had recorded more than 4500 mass spectra. With little modifications, P-BACE can be used on a planetary mission for Mars, but for example also for Venus or Mercury, if placed on a satellite.     

Energetic Hydrogen and Oxygen Atoms Observed on the Nightside of Mars

We present measurements of energetic hydrogen and oxygen atoms (ENAs) on the nightside of Mars detected by the neutral particle detector (NPD) of ASPERA-3 on Mars Express. We focus on the observations for which the field-of-view of NPD was directed at the nightside of Mars or at the region around the limb, thus monitoring the flow of ENAs towards the nightside of the planet. We derive energy spectra and total fluxes, and have compiled maps of hydrogen ENA outflow. The hydrogen ENA intensities reach 10⁵ cm⁻² sr⁻¹ s⁻¹, but no oxygen ENA signals above the detection threshold of 10⁴ cm⁻² sr⁻¹ s⁻¹ are observed. These intensities are considerably lower than most theoretical predictions. We explain the discrepancy as due to an overestimation of the charge-exchange processes in the models for which too high an exospheric density was assumed. Recent UV limb emission measurements (Galli et al., this issue) point to a hydrogen exobase density of 10¹⁰ m⁻³ and a very hot hydrogen component, whereas the models were based on a hydrogen exobase density of 10¹² m⁻³ and a temperature of 200 K predicted by Krasnopolsky and Gladstone (1996). Finally, we estimate the global atmospheric loss rate of hydrogen and oxygen due to the production of ENAs.     

First results from the LUCID-Timepix spacecraft payload onboard the TechDemoSat-1 satellite in Low Earth Orbit

The Langton Ultimate Cosmic ray Intensity Detector (LUCID) is a payload onboard the satellite TechDemoSat-1, used to study the radiation environment in Low Earth Orbit ($～$635?km). LUCID operated from 2014 to 2017, collecting over 2.1 million frames of radiation data from its five Timepix detectors on board. LUCID is one of the first uses of the Timepix detector technology in open space, with the data providing useful insight into the performance of this technology in new environments. It provides high-sensitivity imaging measurements of the mixed radiation field, with a wide dynamic range in terms of spectral response, particle type and direction. The data has been analysed using computing resources provided by GridPP, with a new machine learning algorithm that uses the Tensorflow framework. This algorithm provides a new approach to processing Medipix data, using a training set of human labelled tracks, providing greater particle classification accuracy than other algorithms. For managing the LUCID data, we have developed an online platform called Timepix Analysis Platform at School (TAPAS). This provides a swift and simple way for users to analyse data that they collect using Timepix detectors from both LUCID and other experiments. We also present some possible future uses of the LUCID data and Medipix detectors in space.     

Study of the rheological properties of water and Martian soil simulant mixtures for engineering applications on the red planet

The rheological properties of mixtures of water and the Martian soil simulant JSC-Mars-1A are investigated by preparing and testing samples at various solids concentrations. The results indicate that the dispersion is viscoelastic and, at small timescales (～0.1?s), reacts to sudden strain as an elastic solid. At longer timescales the dispersion behaves like a Bingham fluid and exhibits a yield stress. Hysteresis loops show that rapid step-changes (2?s duration) of shear-rate result in thixotropic behaviour, but slower changes (>10?s duration) can result in rheopexy. These observations are explained with the breakdown and recovery of the packing structure under stress. The rheological information is used to generate practical tools, such as the system curve and the Moody chart that can be used for designing piping systems, and calculating pump sizes and pressure requirements.     

基于天基光学探测图像初析南大西洋异常区影响

文章针对目前在轨运行的高灵敏度探测类可见光遥感器经过南大西洋异常区（SouthAtlanticAnomaly,SAA）时出现的探测能力降低、目标无法识别等现象,通过卫星在轨获取的SAA天基探测图像研究图像中出现的异常现象机理;提出了基于CCD探测器固有暗像元区的图像特征变化开展SAA影响评估的方法,根据在轨图像暗像元区的均值和标准差、图像区的热像素及活像元等特征参数的统计分析,判断经过SAA过程中连续获取的图像中出现显著影响时的拐点,通过曲线拟合估算出该轨道高度的SAA空间分布特征和边界,依此进一步提出利用在轨天基探测图像给出测量影响该轨道高度卫星SAA区域边界的简单方法;最后,基于SAA对天基探测器件的影响分析结果和认识,给出了高灵敏度探测类卫星避免或消除SAA影响的改进措施和建议。文章采用的数据分析和评估方法为提升SAA对天基探测影响的认识,以及下一步有效开展空间碎片探测工作提供参考。