The development of a Russian communication satellite of small class, operating in the geostationary and high-elliptical orbits

In 1994-1995 Lavochkin Association (Russia) together with the other enterprises in accordance with technical requirements of the Russian Space agency, developed a new Russian communication satellite of a small class that will operate in both the geostationary (GSO) and high-elliptical (HEO) orbits. This satellite may be injected into operational orbits using a SOYUZ-2 launch vehicle (LV) and a FREGAT upper stage (US) from Plesetsk and Baykonur space launch sites (SLS).The main reason for creating such a satellite was to decrease the cost of the support and development of the Russian communication geostationary satellites group.Russian satellites Horizont, Express, Ekran and Gals, which operate in GSO, are the basis of the space segment for communications, radio and TV broadcasting. All of these satellites are injected into GSO by the PROTON LV. PROTON is a launch vehicle of a heavy class. The use of a middle class LV instead of a heavy class will allow to reduce considerably the launch cost. The change of a heavy class LV to a LV of middle class determined one economic reason for this project. Besides, the opportunity to launch S/C into GSO from Russian Plesetsk SLS increases the independence of Russia in the domain of space communications, despite the presence of the contract with Kazachstan about the rent of Baykonur SLS. Finally, use of small satellites with a rather small number of transponders is more effective than the use of big satellites. It will allow also to increase a satellite group (by the launch of additional satellites) precisely in accordance to the development of the ground segment.     

关于大行星（或月球）轨道器的冻结轨道

关于人造地球卫星的冻结轨道问题早已为人们所熟知，而且已有相应的卫星在轨运行。在考虑该冻结轨道形成时，主要依据地球扁率J3项与J2项的相对关系，这是由地球非球形引力场的特征所决定的，原理十分清楚，但其原理和结论不能随意地用于其他大行星(或月球)的轨道器。在一般情况下，对于低轨卫星形成冻结轨道的条件，非球形引力位中的奇次带谐项(J21 1，l≥1)将起重要作用。不仅仅是一个J3项，例如月球轨道器，J3，J5，J7和J9均有不可忽视的影响，而且与轨道倾角有一定的关系。为此，本文根据轨道理论对冻结轨道的存在性及其有关问题作进一步的分析，给将来的深空探测提供轨道设计的有关信息和依据。     

太阳质量损失对行星轨道的影响

本文利用Ｇｙｌｄｅｎ－Ｍｅｓｈｃｈｅｒｓｋｉｉ方程和Ｅｄｄｉｎｇｔｏｎ－Ｊｅａｎｓ定律，讨论太阳质量损失对行星轨道的影响，结果表明由于太阳质量损失会产生轨道半长径α的一阶周期项和二阶混合项；近日点角距ω的一阶周期项、二阶长期项和混合项，行星轨道半长径的长期变化会影响太阳系的稳定性。     

On the station keeping of a solar sail in the elliptic Sun–Earth system

In this work we focus on the dynamics of a solar sail in the Sun–Earth Elliptic Restricted Three-Body Problem with solar radiation pressure. The considered situation is the motion of a sail close to the L₁ point, but displacing the equilibrium point with the sail so that it is possible to have continuous communication with the Earth. In previous works we derived a station keeping strategy for this situation but using the Circular RTBP as a model.     

地球同步轨道薄膜太阳帆的姿态轨道控制方法

薄膜太阳帆（FSS）是集推进、发电和姿轨控功能于一体化的超大型挠性太阳帆式航天器,通过调整薄膜反射率产生可变推力和力矩,实现其姿态和轨道运动控制。结合薄膜太阳帆在地球同步轨道运行时的受力特性进行了轨道漂移分析。通过建立薄膜太阳帆动力学模型及受力模型,提出了调整帆面角度轨道修正方法以及基于薄膜光压力矩角动量卸载的长期在轨对日定向面内双轴动量轮稳定控制方法。通过系统仿真验证表明所提的轨道修正和对日定向控制方法是合理有效的,可使薄膜太阳帆长期在定点位置维持对日定向。     

基于 Brouwer 平根数的冻结轨道

基于Ｂｒｏｕｗｅｒ平根数的概念研究了冻结轨道,发现了这样一个事实：如果用Ｂｒｏｕｗｅｒ平根数来表示冻结轨道,则该平根数对应的轨道恰是一条精确的圆轨道。在此基础上还对冻结轨道的性状作了新的解释。此外还针对只包含二阶和三阶带谐调和项的地球引力场内的冻结轨道偏心率在临界倾角附近的性状作了分析,显示出临界倾角附近轨道的异常性状在这个低阶的引力场内仍未改变。     

系列化构型运载能力设计余量留取方法研究

调研了美国航天型号研制中设计余量留取的情况,结合系列化构型论证工作,对运载能力设计余量留取问题进行了初步研究,分析了关键参数对运载能力的影响,针对不同目标轨道、系列化构型的差异,探索得到了运载能力设计余量差异化留取的方法。     

一种新的共线平动点拟周期轨道稳定保持策略

限制性三体问题下共线平动点附近的拟周期轨道在深空探测中具有重要的实际应用价值,得到了各航天大国的广泛重视。通过将动力学中心流形结构引入轨道控制方法的设计之中,得到了基于投影到中心流形的共线平动点拟周期轨道稳定保持策略。首先推导了会合坐标到中心流形坐标的正则变换方法,在此基础上设法通过引入轨道机动,将偏差状态点投影到中心流形上,从而达到消除不稳定分量的目的。该方法充分整合了平动点的动力学特性,并且也适用于周期轨道的稳定保持。通过对Lissajous轨道和晕轨道的数值仿真表明,该方法较以往方法具有更强的稳定性,能在显著降低轨控燃料消耗的基础上达到较好的稳定保持效果。     

Evolution of periodic orbits near the Lagrangian point L2

A study of the evolution of the periodic and the quasi-periodic orbits near the Lagrangian point L₂, which is located to the right of the smaller primary on the line joining the primaries and whose distance from the more massive primary is greater than the distance between the primaries, in the framework of restricted three-body problem for the Sun–Jupiter, Earth–Moon (relatively large mass ratio) and Saturn–Titan (relatively small mass ratio) systems is made. Two families of periodic orbits around the smaller primary are identified using the Poincaré surface of section method – family I (initially elliptical, gradually becomes egg-shaped with the increase in the Jacobi constant C and elongated towards the more massive primary) and family II (initially egg-shaped orbits elongated towards L₂ and gradually becomes elliptical with the increase in C). The family I in the Sun–Jupiter and Saturn–Titan systems contains two separatrix caused by third-order and fourth-order resonances, while the Earth–Moon system has only one separatrix which is caused by third-order resonances. Also in the Sun–Jupiter and the Saturn–Titan systems, family I merge with family II, around Jacobian constant 3.0393 and 3.0163, respectively, while in the Earth–Moon system, family II evolves separately from two different branches. The two branches merge at C = 3.184515. In the Earth–Moon system, the family II contains a separatrix due to third-order resonances which is absent in the other two systems.     

A low-thrust transfer between the Earth–Moon and Sun–Earth systems based on invariant manifolds

A low-energy, low-thrust transfer between two halo orbits associated with two coupled three-body systems is studied in this paper. The transfer is composed of a ballistic departure, a ballistic insertion and a powered phase using low-thrust propulsion to connect these two trajectories. The ballistic departure and insertion are computed by constructing the unstable and stable invariant manifolds of the corresponding halo orbits, and a complete low-energy transfer based on the patched invariant manifolds is optimized using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm on the criterion of smallest velocity discontinuity and limited position discontinuity (less than 1 km). Then, the result is expropriated as the boundary conditions for the subsequent low-thrust trajectory design. The fuel-optimal problem is formulated using the calculus of variations and Pontryagin's Maximum Principle in a complete four-body dynamical environment. Then, a typical bang–bang control is derived and solved using the indirect method combined with a homotopic technique. The contributions of the present work mainly consist of two points. Firstly, the global search method proposed in this paper is simply handled using the PSO algorithm, a number of feasible solutions in a fairly wide range can be delivered without a priori or perfect knowledge of the transfers. Secondly, the indirect optimization method is used in the low-thrust trajectory design and the derivations of the first-order necessary conditions are simplified with a modified controlled, restricted four-body model.