Conditional sea surface statistics and their impact on geophysical sea surface parameters retrieved from SAR altimetry signals

In this study we present an analytical formulation of synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) altimetry signals including narrow banded nonlinear wave fields and conditional statistics between wave elevation displacements, horizontal wave slopes and vertical wave particle velocities. Considering the wave elevation displacements coskewness with respect to horizontal slopes leads to an analytical formulation of the electromagnetic bias within a SAR-mode altimeter stack. This formulation can be either parametrized by the significant wave height (SWH) and mean wave steepness, or in terms of the variance of vertical wave velocities. The effect of conditional vertical wave particle velocity variances with respect to the observed horizontal wave slopes close to nadir incidence angles leads to an effective reduction of the azimuth blurring of SAR-mode stacks. We present here a formulation of this effect by examining JONSWAP ocean wave spectra. In most cases this effect reduces the azimuth blurring by 10% to 30%. Additionally we investigate the effect of a nonlinear wave elevation displacement probability density function (PDF) on estimated geophysical parameters. We were able to show that including an elevation displacement skewness of 0.13 improves significantly the SWH consistency between altimetry and ECMWF Reanalysis v5 ERA5 results.All of these effects are validated with respect to ERA5 model data in the North East Atlantic region and in situ data located in the German Bight and Baltic Sea.The developed model can be used in both SAR and conventional altimetry retrackers.     

Variation of dayside chorus waves associated with solar wind dynamic pressure based on MMS observations

The whistler-mode chorus waves are one of the most important plasma waves in the Earth’s magnetosphere. Generally, the amplitude of whistler-mode chorus waves prefers to strengthen when the energetic fluxes of anisotropic electrons increase outside the plasmapause. This characteristic is commonly associated with the geomagnetic storms or substorms. However, the relationship between the solar wind dynamic pressure (P_sw) and the long-time variation of chorus waves during the quiet period of the geomagnetic activity still needs more detailed investigations. In this paper, based on MMS observations, we present a chorus event just observed in the inner side of magnetopause without obvious geomagnetic storms or substroms. Interestingly, during this time interval, some P_sw fluctuations were recorded. Both the amplitudes and frequencies of chorus waves changed as a response to the variation in P_sw. It proved that the enhancement of P_sw increases the energetic electrons fluxes, which provides free energies for the chorus amplification. Furthermore, the wave growth rates calculated using linear theory increases and the central frequency of the chorus waves shifts to a higher frequency when the P_sw enhancement is greater, which are also consistent well with the observations. The results provide a direct evidence that the P_sw play an important role in the long-time variation of whistler-mode chorus waves inside the magnetopause.     

An innovative approach for integrated airline network and aircraft family optimization

The determination of optimal aerial transport networks and their associated flight frequencies is crucial for the strategic planning of airlines, as well as for carrying out market research, to establish target markets, and for aircraft and crew rostering. In addition, optimum airplane types for the selected networks are crucial to improve revenue and to provide reduced operating costs. The present study proposes an innovative approach to determine the optimal aerial transport network simultaneously with the determination of the optimum fleet for that network, composed of three types of airplanes (network and vehicle integrated design). The network profit is maximized. The passenger’s demands between the airports are determined via a gravitational model. An embedded linear programming solution is responsible for obtaining potential optimal network configurations. The optimum fleet combination is determined from a database of candidate aircraft designs via genetic algorithm. A truly realistic airplane representation is made possible thanks to accurate surrogate models for engine and aerodynamics is adopted. An accurate engine deck encompassing a compression map and an innovative engine weight calculation besides an aerodynamical artificial neural network module enable a high degree of accuracy for the mission analysis. The proposed methodology is applied to obtain the optimum network comprised of twenty main Brazilian airports and corresponding fleet.     

Solar and Heliospheric Modulation of Galactic Cosmic Rays

The significance of external influences on the environment of Earth and its atmosphere has become evident during recent years. Especially, on time scales of several hundred years, the cosmogenic isotope concentration during the Wolf-, Spoerer-, Maunder- and Dalton-Minimum indicates an increased cosmic ray flux. Because these grand minima of solar activity coincide with cold periods, a correlation of the Earth climate with the cosmic ray intensities is plausible. Any quantitative study of the effects of energetic particles on the atmosphere and environment of the Earth must address their transport to Earth and their interactions with the Earth’s atmosphere including their filtering by the terrestrial magnetosphere. The first problem is one of the fundamental problems in modern cosmic ray astrophysics, and corresponding studies began in the 1960s based on Parker’s cosmic ray modulation theory taking into account diffusion, convection, adiabatic deceleration, and (later) the drift of energetic particles in the global heliospheric magnetic field. It is well established that all of these processes determining the modulation of cosmic rays are depending on parameters that are varying with the solar magnetic cycle. Therefore, the galactic cosmic ray intensities close to Earth is the result of a complex modulation of the interstellar galactic spectrum within the heliosphere. The modern view of this cosmic ray modulation is summarized in our contribution.     

等质量异形粒子超高速撞击侵蚀

用数值方法模拟双锥，圆柱，椭球、圆锥和倒圆锥五类等质量异形铝粒子五种高宽比共２５种粒子对半无限铝靶的超高速撞击侵蚀，撞击速度为４ｋｍ／ｓ，给出了坑深、坑径、坑形参数和坑体积随粒子形状及高宽比的变化曲线。结果与非圆球异形粒子超高速撞击侵蚀计算有重要参考价值。     

工业远程监控系统实施新方案

近期远程监控系统在工业中逐步推广,针对工业系统的特点和工业网络的实际情况,在原有工业系统的基础上,增加现场设备区域的图像监控和数据传输功能,提出了一种工业远程监控系统实施方案。本文论述了该系统的结构、原理及实现方法,经具体实施证明,本文提出的方案已基本能够满足一个通用的基于公用网络的远程视频监控系统的要求,体现了较重要的理论价值和很强的工程实用价值。     

空间能量粒子探测方法研究

阐述了空间能量粒子探测的原理和方法。介绍了国外在能量粒子探测方面所采用的半导体望远镜测量法、电场加速法、磁偏转法等方法，分析了它们各自的优缺点。就制约能量粒子探测技术发展的关键因素进行了讨论。并以此为基础，结合我国实际情况提出了一种新的探测方法。     

煤粉粒径分布在气固两相流场中的测试技术研究

针对输送管道内煤粉颗粒的粒径分布宽的特点，用侧向接收散射光的Mie散射方法和Fraunhofer衍射方法作了理论分析和实际测试。利用分子筛和显微镜对被测粒子进行了静态测量，其结果可以作为相对准确的测量标准。研究结果表明，针对细粉分离器内煤粉颗粒的形状、浓度和粒径的分布规律，用衍射测试方法可以达到较高的测试精度，取得较好的测试效果。     

磁粉检验标准环形试块的机理分析

为了分析控制磁粉检验系统综合性能的标准环形试块的机理，首先建立一个计算漏磁场的简化数学模型，然后解标量磁位的=维拉普拉斯方程，求出被磁化的环形试块上圆孔产生的漏磁场，计算环形试块表面的磁粉受力，分析其特点并得出相应的结论。     

HTPB／HMX推进剂能量特性与工作压强关系的研究

采用标准试验发动机实测结果及理论计算，研究了ＨＴＰＢ／ＨＭＸ推进剂比冲与发动机工作压强之间的关系．研究结果表明，在发动机相同的工作条件下，工作压强由５ＭＰａ提高到１０ＭＰａ可使推进齐比冲净增１０２Ｎ．ｓ／ｋｇ，发动机工作压强最好选取大于６ＭＰａ。这一结果为发动机设计提供了参考依据。