Study of maximum electron density NmF2 at Karachi and Islamabad during solar minimum (1996) and solar maximum (2000) and its comparison with IRI

The monthly hourly medians of maximum electron density, N_mF₂, at two Pakistani ionospheric stations, Karachi and Islamabad, have been determined for solar minimum (1996) and solar maximum (2000) and compared with IRI predictions using the URSI coefficients. At night and pre-noon period the N_mF₂ values at both stations are almost equal during the 2 years. However, at post-noon the values at Karachi are considerably larger than those at Islamabad due to the equatorial or geomagnetic anomaly. Karachi (geomag. coord. 16.44°N, 139.08°E) lies near the region of the equatorial anomaly (+20 and −20 geomagnetic latitude), so most of the N_mF₂ values at Karachi are larger than those at Islamabad (geomag. coord. 24.46°N, 145.67°E). The maximum monthly values of N_mF₂ show a semi-annual variation at Karachi and Islamabad both during 1996 and 2000 as predicted by IRI.     

丙二醇改性水溶液的发汗冷却实验研究

针对液态水相变发汗冷却实验中的振荡、表面温度分布不均及结冰现象,对液体冷却剂进行调研,选取丙二醇添加剂对液态水改性,在主流温度573K,雷诺数1.2×10⁴的亚声速高温风洞中实验研究了不同丙二醇改性水溶液浓度和注入率下多孔平板的相变发汗冷却特性。结果表明：随丙二醇浓度增大,多孔平板对改性水溶液的渗透率增大,多孔平板表面温度的振荡幅度减小,同时振荡周期内温度波峰降低。因此,使用丙二醇改性水溶液作为冷却剂,发汗冷却结构表面温度分布更加均匀,热疲劳损伤减小,承温极限升高,进而烧蚀风险降低,这对有效且高效的热防护系统设计具有重要意义。另外,注入率越大平板表面冷却效果越好,表面温度的振荡幅度越小,因此增大注入率也是改善多孔板表面温度波动的有效方式。