变循环调节机构发展现状及关键技术

变循环发动机可通过改变热力循环特性,实现更宽的工作范围和满足更多的战斗任务需求;调节机构是实现模式切换的执行机构,其设计技术发展伴随发动机整个研制历程。以变循环发动机跨代发展为主线,聚焦调节机构目标功能及结构方案演变,系统梳理了调节机构的发展历程、功能分类及设计要求。调节机构构型设计以低泄漏量、高调节精度、快速响应和可靠安装为总体要求,需进一步考虑未来发动机高热力负荷与紧凑布局引入的挑战与约束;在仿真分析方面,流固耦合分析应侧重解决几何特征复杂、结构柔性、空间跨度大、瞬态特征显著导致的网格畸变、收敛性降低问题,动力学仿真分析需重点聚焦关键件柔性变形、装配间隙、尺寸公差、传动摩擦等因素对机构卡滞、调节精度的影响;在试验验证方面,需进一步突破瞬态调节过程中温度、机械负载试验室模拟技术,加强试验室模拟验证能力,实现调节机构故障定位、误差归因。该研究对变循环调节机构设计、研制及相关理论、方法、技术发展具有一定指导意义。     

合成仪器体系架构与关键技术研究

合成仪器技术作为下一代自动测试系统中的一项关键技术,在装备综合保障中占据重要地位。介绍了合成仪器的基本概念、体系架构及特点,详细论述分析了合成仪器中涉及的包括信号调理、ADC/DAC、数据处理器与总线、系统软件等关键技术及实现,并展望了合成仪器的发展前景。     

Conceptual design of a bioregenerative life support system containing crops and silkworms

This article summarizes a conceptual design of a bioregenerative life support system for permanent lunar base or planetary exploration. The system consists of seven compartments – higher plants cultivation, animal rearing, human habitation, water recovery, waste treatment, atmosphere management, and storages. Fifteen kinds of crops, such as wheat, rice, soybean, lettuce, and mulberry, were selected as main life support contributors to provide the crew with air, water, and vegetable food. Silkworms fed by crop leaves were designated to produce partial animal nutrition for the crew. Various physical-chemical and biological methods were combined to reclaim wastewater and solid waste. Condensate collected from atmosphere was recycled into potable water through granular activated carbon adsorption, iodine sterilization, and trace element supplementation. All grey water was also purified though multifiltration and ultraviolet sterilization. Plant residue, human excrement, silkworm feces, etc. were decomposed into inorganic substances which were finally absorbed by higher plants. Some meat, ingredients, as well as nitrogen fertilizer were prestored and resupplied periodically. Meanwhile, the same amount and chemical composition of organic waste was dumped to maintain the steady state of the system. A nutritional balanced diet was developed by means of the linear programming method. It could provide 2721 kcal of energy, 375.5 g of carbohydrate, 99.47 g of protein, and 91.19 g of fat per capita per day. Silkworm powder covered 12.54% of total animal protein intakes. The balance of material flows between compartments was described by the system of stoichiometric equations. Basic life support requirements for crews including oxygen, food, potable and hygiene water summed up to 29.68 kg per capita per day. The coefficient of system material closure reached 99.40%.     

深化失效学的哲学理念探索,强化材料失效交叉技术研究

力图从哲学的高度,对失效学的认识论、矛盾论、系统论和方法论进行简要的阐释,从中提出一些要点,并对失效学哲学理念在失效事故分析诊断预防技术中的应用提出建议,为深化失效学的哲学理念探讨奠定初步基础。从失效学的理论基础、应用基础和工程技术等3个方面总结提出了失效学的理论和技术体系,为失效学的体系建设提供了技术框架;还从材料服役前、使用中和失效后等3个阶段归纳了材料失效交叉技术领域中的科学问题或关键技术,为加强其交叉技术的研究提炼出了若干重点方向。     

航天器热传输技术研究进展

文章对航天器用热传输技术近期的发展进行了汇总,主要包括：导热材料、微小型热管、槽道热管、泵驱动两相流体回路、深冷环路热管、喷雾冷却系统以及基于MEMS技术的微型热传输技术。这些新技术是航天器高热流密度散热、大功率热传输、分散点热源散热及深低温热传输未来主要的解决途径,可供航天器热控研究及设计者参考。     

国内外先进推进技术发展综述

航天运输领域发展的核心目标包括提高运载能力、降低发射成本及减少发射准备时间等。相对于传统的化学推进技术,先进推进技术采用新能源或新机理,旨在从根本上满足未来对有效载荷、发射成本和发射周期的要求。对国内外组合动力装置、核聚变动力推进、离子推进、激光推进、核子脉冲推进、太阳帆推进、磁场帆推进、布萨德喷气推进、反物质推进等先进推进技术的研究进展进行综述和可行性分析,并给出了发展启示。     

A straw-soil co-composting and evaluation for plant substrate in BLSS

Material closure is important for the establishment of Bioregenerative Life Support System, and many studies have focused on transforming candidate plant residues into plant culture medium. For the limitations of using wheat straw compost as substrate for plant cultivation, a straw-soil co-composting technique was studied. The changes of pH, C/N value, germination index, cellulose, lignin and so on were monitored during the co-composting process. The maturity was evaluated by the C/N value and the germination index. The result showed that after 45 days’ fermentation, the straw-soil final co-compost with inoculation (T1) became mature, while the co-compost without inoculation (T0) was not mature. In the plant culture test, the T1 substrate could satisfy the needs for lettuce’s growth, and the edible biomass yield of lettuce averaged 74.42 g pot⁻¹ at harvest. But the lettuces in T0 substrate showed stress symptoms and have not completed the growth cycle. Moreover, the results of nitrogen (N) transformation experiment showed that about 10.0% and 3.1% N were lost during the T1 co-composting and plant cultivation, respectively, 23.5% N was absorbed by lettuce, and 63.4% N remained in the T1 substrate after cultivation.     

Integration of lessons from recent research for “Earth to Mars” life support systems

Development of reliable and robust strategies for long-term life support for planetary exploration must be built from real-time experimentation to verify and improve system components. Also critical is incorporating a range of viable options to handle potential short-term life system imbalances. This paper revisits some of the conceptual framework for a Mars base prototype which has been developed by the authors along with others previously advanced (“Mars on Earth^®”) in the light of three years of experimentation in the Laboratory Biosphere, further investigation of system alternatives and the advent of other innovative engineering and agri-ecosystem approaches. Several experiments with candidate space agriculture crops have demonstrated the higher productivity possible with elevated light levels and improved environmental controls. For example, crops of sweet potatoes exceeded original Mars base prototype projections by an average of 46% (53% for best crop) ultradwarf (Apogee) wheat by 9% (23% for best crop), pinto bean by 13% (31% for best crop). These production levels, although they may be increased with further optimization of lighting regimes, environmental parameters, crop density etc. offer evidence that a soil-based system can be as productive as the hydroponic systems which have dominated space life support scenarios and research. But soil also offers distinct advantages: the capability to be created on the Moon or Mars using in situ space resources, reduces long-term reliance on consumables and imported resources, and more readily recycling and incorporating crew and crop waste products. In addition, a living soil contains a complex microbial ecosystem which helps prevent the buildup of trace gases or compounds, and thus assist with air and water purification. The atmospheric dynamics of these crops were studied in the Laboratory Biosphere adding to the database necessary for managing the mixed stands of crops essential for supplying a nutritionally adequate diet in space. This paper explores some of the challenges of small bioregenerative life support: air-sealing and facility architecture/design, balance of short-term variations of carbon dioxide and oxygen through staggered plantings, options for additional atmospheric buffers and sinks, lighting/energy efficiency engineering, crop and waste product recycling approaches, and human factor considerations in the design and operation of a Mars base. An “Earth to Mars” project, forging the ability to live sustainably in space (as on Earth) requires continued research and testing of these components and integrated subsystems; and developing a step-by-step learning process.     

A set of systems for labor standards computer-aided design

A set of systems for labor standard computer-aided design is described, namely, initial developments, advance and state-of-the art.     

放射性勘查计量的发展及关键技术

放射性勘查计量从1958年开始简易点源标定,到1978年开始建立与天然辐射场2盯空间辐射近似的实物模型标准,经历了约20年的仪器检查性测试计量和30余年的统一标准计量的发展历程,先后共研建了12项计量标准和1项模拟试验装置,其中4项标准已获得了国家专项计量授权。从中掌握了多项关键技术,形成了独特的放射性勘查计量保障体系,计量保障涵盖了放射性区域调查、局部详查、钻探等整个勘查过程,在为国家放射性勘查提供计量保障的同时,还为核应急、核设施退役等伽玛辐射环境航空监测提供了计量保障。