新一代载人月面着陆器发展趋势研究

月面着陆器是实现载人探月任务的重要组成部分,从任务规划和着陆器参数两个方面对早期美国阿波罗计划中的月面着陆器（ LM）、苏联N1-L3登月计划中的月面着陆器（ L3登月系统）以及最近美国星座计划中的月面着陆器（ Altair）的相关情况进行了分析,并从任务需求、月面环境和研究经费及基础设施方面对LM与Altair月面着陆器进行详细比较,通过比较分析总结出新一代载人月面着陆器将沿着提高乘员运送能力、扩大到达范围、延长航天员生活时间及功能模块化的方向发展,并提出研制新一代月面着陆器应着重解决着陆器推进、结构、着陆障碍检测及缓冲以及月尘防护等关键技术。     

美国“阿波罗”飞船的振动试验

文章介绍了美国“阿波罗”飞船的振动试验,包括环境预示、计划制定与试验技术。     

堂吉珂德的“酒神精神”阐释

《堂吉珂德》是世界文学史上的一座丰碑。自创作之日起，对其解读异彩纷呈、历久弥新。文章从美学角度分析了堂吉珂德富于幻想的思想特征，探讨了幻想或想象之于生活和创作的伟大影响，认为堂吉珂德式的想象是艺术创作的不竭之源。     

“阿波罗”登月舱的软着陆支架

登月舱的软着陆支架是确保月面探测活动及宇航员返回地球的关键装置。文章对“阿波罗”登月舱软着陆支架进行了介绍,描述了其技术指标、功能要求和基本组成,并对“阿波罗”登月舱软着陆支架的构型设计,主支柱、辅助支柱、足垫、展开架、收拢释放机构、展开锁定机构、触杆高度器以及铝蜂窝缓冲元件的设计方案进行了说明。鉴于“阿波罗”登月舱软着陆支架的设计通过了多次飞行试验的验证,文章结合“阿波罗”登月舱软着陆支架的方案,提出了中国载人登月工程中登月舱软着陆支架研制的建议。     

Study of complex dielectric properties of lunar simulants and comparison with Apollo samples at microwave frequencies

Laboratory characterization of dielectric properties of terrestrial analogues of lunar soil (JSC-1A) and comparison with lunar samples returned from various Apollo missions is made at different as well as normalized bulk density. Here measurements of dielectric constants and losses were made at four microwave frequencies such as 1.7 GHz, 2.5 GHz, 6.6 GHz and 31.6 GHz. Complex permittivity of lunar simulant was measured at temperature ranging from −190 °C to + 200 °C using Wave-Guide cell method. Comparison of permittivity of JSC-1A with Apollo sample also has been done at similar microwave frequencies. The investigations reveal that dielectric constant and loss factor of terrestrial analogues of lunar soil are temperature dependent. As temperature is gradually increased both these parameter (storage factor and loss factor) also gradually increases. These temperatures were chosen because the Moon undergoes at that extremes level of temperature. It is scorching heat at 110 °C during the day and freezing cold at −180 °C during night. The measured value of ε can be useful for designing passive as well as active sensors.     

阿波罗指令舱稀薄气体动力学特征的蒙特卡罗数值模拟

本文对阿波罗指令舱稀薄气体动力学特征进行了蒙特卡罗直接模拟（ＤＳＭＣ）。采用中点数值逼近法确定模拟分子与物面碰撞点，利用网格编号将三维计算问题一维化，把流场入口处的分子补充与分子排序有效结合，利用分子横穿流场次数确定流场稳定前的时间步长计算次数。简化了计算过程，大大节约了计算机时和内存。给出了指令舱从自由分子流到过渡区不同Ｋｎｕｄｓｅｎ数、各攻角下的气动特征。模拟结果与有关理论、实验数据相比，证实     

Exploration life support technology challenges for the Crew Exploration Vehicle and future human missions

As NASA implements the U.S. Space Exploration Policy, life support systems must be provided for an expanding sequence of exploration missions. NASA has implemented effective life support for Apollo, the Space Shuttle, and the International Space Station (ISS) and continues to develop advanced systems. This paper provides an overview of life support requirements, previously implemented systems, and new technologies being developed by the Exploration Life Support Project for the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) and Lunar Outpost and future Mars missions. The two contrasting practical approaches to providing space life support are (1) open loop direct supply of atmosphere, water, and food, and (2) physicochemical regeneration of air and water with direct supply of food. Open loop direct supply of air and water is cost effective for short missions, but recycling oxygen and water saves costly launch mass on longer missions. Because of the short CEV mission durations, the CEV life support system will be open loop as in Apollo and Space Shuttle. New life support technologies for CEV that address identified shortcomings of existing systems are discussed. Because both ISS and Lunar Outpost have a planned 10-year operational life, the Lunar Outpost life support system should be regenerative like that for ISS and it could utilize technologies similar to ISS. The Lunar Outpost life support system, however, should be extensively redesigned to reduce mass, power, and volume, to improve reliability and incorporate lessons learned, and to take advantage of technology advances over the last 20 years. The Lunar Outpost design could also take advantage of partial gravity and lunar resources.     

运输类飞机持续适航事件根原因分析

随着国产运输类飞机的研制成功并逐步投入使用,建立国产运输类飞机持续适航事件根原因分析流程和方法的标准、规范国产运输类飞机持续适航事件根原因分析活动将有助于持续改进国产运输类飞机的设计,提高国产运输类飞机的安全水平。通过对运输类飞机持续适航事件根原因分析流程和方法进行比较分析,运用结构化的根原因分析工具对典型事故案例开展具体分析,对国产运输类飞机持续适航事件根原因分析提出建议:综合欧美成熟的根原因分析经验和国产运输类飞机的现有特点深入优化根原因分析的方法和流程;开发相应的根原因辅助分析软件优化根原因分析过程和最优纠正措施的识别。     

固推约束下的火星表面起飞上升制导律设计

针对受固推约束的火星上升器(MAV)起飞上升问题,设计了上升段、无动力滑行段、入轨段三段式火星表面起飞上升全过程制导策略。首先,根据实际任务需求进行了上升器标称轨迹优化。其次,在上升段引入了阿波罗制导方法,通过类攻角和类侧滑角的控制实现对标称轨迹的跟踪。为减少上升段末端偏差对无动力滑行段与标称轨迹间误差的影响,提出了一种通过调整倾侧角改变上升器所受气动力进而控制飞行轨迹的技术路线,并设计了相应的滑模制导律。另外,兼顾固推发动机的能量管理需求,针对入轨段设计了Lambert制导策略,并参考标称控制量对其进行修正,使得上升器能够在控制能力有限的情况下完成较高精度的入轨。最后,通过典型场景火星表面起飞上升全过程数值仿真验证了所设计策略的有效性和鲁棒性。     

Surface temperatures at the nearside of the Moon as a record of the radiation budget of Earth’s climate system

Understanding the balance between incoming radiation from the Sun and outgoing radiation from Earth is of critical importance in the study of climate change on Earth. As the only natural satellite of Earth, the Moon is a unique platform for the study of the disk-wide radiation budget of Earth. There are no complications from atmosphere, hydrosphere, or biosphere on the Moon. The nearside of the Moon allows for a focus on the solar radiation during its daytime, and on terrestrial radiation during its nighttime. Additionally, lunar regolith temperature is an amplifier of the terrestrial radiation signal because lunar temperature is proportional to the fourth square root of radiation as such is much more sensitive to the weak terrestrial radiation in nighttime than the strong solar radiation in daytime. Indeed, the long-term lunar surface temperature time series obtained inadvertently by the Heat Flow Experiment at the Apollo 15 landing site three decades ago may be the first important observation from deep space of both incoming and outgoing radiation of the terrestrial climate system. A revisit of the lunar surface temperature time series reveals distinct characteristics in lunar surface daytime and nighttime temperature variations, governed respectively by solar and terrestrial radiation.