生物组织光学参数：优化散射系数（μ’s）的实时在位测定

利用了一套特殊设计光纤探头组成的稳定态光纤光谱仪测试生物组织的光学参数，从悬乳液(Intralpid)与模拟胶(Phantom)实验推导出优化散射系数(Reduced scattering coeffcient：μ’s)近红外谱测量经验公式。测量反射系数就可以计算出优化散射系数谱。计算结果用模拟胶作了验证，并对大鼠脑组织μ’s进行了实时在位测量，从而得到了一种μ’s在位测量的有效方法。     

Organ shielding and doses in Low-Earth orbit calculated for spherical and anthropomorphic phantoms

Humans in space are exposed to elevated levels of radiation compared to ground. Different sources contribute to the total exposure with galactic cosmic rays being the most important component. The application of numerical and anthropomorphic phantoms in simulations allows the estimation of dose rates from galactic cosmic rays in individual organs and whole body quantities such as the effective dose. The male and female reference phantoms defined by the International Commission on Radiological Protection and the hermaphrodite numerical RANDO phantom are voxel implementations of anthropomorphic phantoms and contain all organs relevant for radiation risk assessment. These anthropomorphic phantoms together with a spherical water phantom were used in this work to translate the mean shielding of organs in the different anthropomorphic voxel phantoms into positions in the spherical phantom. This relation allows using a water sphere as surrogate for the anthropomorphic phantoms in both simulations and measurements. Moreover, using spherical phantoms in the calculation of radiation exposure offers great advantages over anthropomorphic phantoms in terms of computational time.     

无人机对雷达组网航迹欺骗综述

未来战争对体系作战的需求不仅仅是靠规模"以量取胜",更要有战术上的智谋"以活胜僵"。通过干扰敌方对我方的意图推断,甚至设计出让敌方相信的假意图,能够在双方的博弈中塑造态势,取得先手,从顶层设计和战术策略上掌握主动权。运用无人机对敌方组网雷达进行航迹欺骗就是一种有效的对抗手段,能够在实现对敌探测的同时,消耗敌方雷达组网的计算资源,干扰敌方雷达及幕后指挥员对我方作战意图的推断,同时提高己方态势感知能力和生存力。本文首先介绍了航迹欺骗干扰的概念,并以时间为序,分类梳理了国内外各研究团队在航迹欺骗领域取得的技术成果;然后针对航迹欺骗干扰的特点,详细分析了虚假航迹设计和生成、由不确定性误差导致的估计问题、延时转发策略和同源检验准则、以及动力学约束问题等4个方面的关键问题和技术难点;最后展望了航迹欺骗的应用前景和下一步研究方向。     

Depth dose measurements with the Liulin-5 experiment inside the spherical phantom of the MATROSHKA-R project onboard the International Space Station

The Liulin-5 experiment is a part of the international project MATROSHKA-R on the Russian segment of the ISS, which uses a tissue-equivalent spherical phantom equipped with a set of radiation detectors. The objective of the MATROSHKA-R project is to provide depth dose distribution of the radiation field inside the sphere in order to get more information on the distribution of dose in a human body. Liulin-5 is a charged particle telescope using three silicon detectors. It measures time resolved energy deposition spectra, linear energy transfer (LET) spectra, particle flux, and absorbed doses of electrons, protons and heavy ions, simultaneously at three depths along the radius of the phantom. Measurements during the minimum of the solar activity in cycle 23 show that the average absorbed daily doses at 40 mm depth in the phantom are between 180 μGy/day and 220 μGy/day. The absorbed doses at 165 mm depth in the phantom decrease by a factor of 1.6–1.8 compared to the doses at 40 mm depth due to the self-shielding of the phantom from trapped protons. The average dose equivalent at 40 mm depth is 590 ± 32 μSV/day and the galactic cosmic rays (GCR) contribute at least 70% of the total dose equivalent at that depth. Shown is that due to the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) trapped protons asymmetry and the direction of Liulin-5 lowest shielding zone the dose rates on ascending and descending nodes in SAA are different. The data obtained are compared to data from other radiation detectors on ISS.     

Comparison of the mean quality factors for astronauts calculated using the Q-functions proposed by ICRP,ICRU, and NASA

For the estimation of the radiation risk for astronauts, not only the organ absorbed doses but also their mean quality factors must be evaluated. Three functions have been proposed by different organizations for expressing the radiation quality, including the Q(L), Q(y), and Q_NASA(Z, E) relationships as defined in International Committee of Radiological Protection (ICRP) Publication 60, International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) Report 40, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) TP-2011-216155, respectively. The Q(L) relationship is the most simple and widely used for space dosimetry, but the use of the latter two functions enables consideration of the difference in the track structure of various charged particles during the risk estimation.     

基于RGPO的编队ECAVs协同航迹欺骗

基于动力学模型分析了多机协同控制下的航迹欺骗技术,利用配备有电子欺骗技术的电子战飞行器(ECAVs, Electronic Combat Air Vehicles),对敌方的防空系统中的雷达网实施电子攻击行动来达到欺骗干扰效果.对搭载距离拖引干扰(RGPO, Range Gate Pull-Off)技术的ECAVs在防空雷达网中的作战运用及协同策略进行了研究,空间模型包括单架ECAV对单部雷达以及多架ECAV对雷达组网两种情形.基于ECAV、雷达和虚假航迹点三者共线关系,削减搜索空间,解决动力约束下ECAVs轨迹规划约束最优化难题,算法高效快捷,可实时完成ECAVs轨迹规划.      

轴向收敛造型对燃气涡轮叶栅端壁气膜冷却性能的影响

为有效评估轴向收敛造型对端壁气膜冷却性能的影响,数值研究了不同吹风比下,轴向收敛造型对跨声速燃气涡轮叶栅端壁上游双排离散孔绝热气膜冷却效率的影响。模拟某工业燃气涡轮真实运行工况（进口湍流度为16%、出口马赫数为0.85、出口雷诺数为1.5×106）,采用基于“两类热边界条件”模型的壁面传热系数和绝热冷却效率数值预测方法,比较分析了3种吹风比（1.0、2.5、3.5）下,简化平板端壁结构和轴向收敛造型端壁结构的端壁热负荷分布、绝热气膜冷却效率分布和近端壁二次流场结构,以及端壁上游气膜孔射流对叶片表面的二次冷却作用（幻影冷却）。结果表明:轴向收敛造型可以削弱马蹄涡强度,降低端壁热负荷,尤其是叶片肩部区域;轴向收敛造型可以显著增加端壁气膜覆盖范围和绝热气膜冷却效率,尤其在叶片前缘和压力面等难以冷却区域;随吹风比增加,轴向收敛造型对端壁气膜冷却特性的影响效果先增加后减小,在设计吹风比为2.5时,轴向收敛造型对端壁绝热气膜冷却效率的增强效果最显著（增加约35%）;轴向收敛造型显著增加叶片前缘和压力面幻影冷却面积,尤其是叶片前缘附近面积增加约100%（设计吹风比下,冷却区域达0.1倍叶高）,可有效减小叶片冷却的冷气需求流量。轴对称收敛端壁造型是进一步提高燃气涡轮叶栅端壁绝热气膜冷却效率、减小冷气流量,实现端壁高效冷却布局的有效技术途径。      

Radiation measurements inside a human phantom aboard the International Space Station using Liulin-5 charged particle telescope

Liulin-5 is a particle telescope developed for the investigation of the radiation environment within the Russian spherical tissue-equivalent phantom on the International Space Station (ISS). Liulin-5 experiment is conducted aboard the Russian segment of ISS since 28 June 2007 as an adherent part of the international project MATROSHKA-R. The main objective of Liulin-5 experiment is to study the depth-dose distribution of the different components of the orbital radiation field in a human phantom. Additional objectives are mapping of the radiation environment in the phantom and its variations with time and orbital parameters (such as solar cycle, solar flare events, inclination and altitude). Liulin-5 is an active instrument, capable to provide real-time radiation data for the particle flux and dose rates, energy deposition and LET spectra. Data are recorded automatically on memory cards, periodically transported to ground by returning vehicles. In this report we present some first results from data analysis including energy deposition spectra, absorbed dose, dose rate and flux distribution measured simultaneously at 3 different depths of phantom’s radial channel and linear energy transfer (LET) spectrum. Data discussed are for the period July 2007–April 2008.     

复杂环境下的A/C模式信号处理算法及其实现

本文基于软件无线电的思想,提出一种复杂环境下的A/C模式信号处理算法,该算法从脉冲识别,A/C模式框架判决以及信息代码提取三个方面进行了研究,在识别多目标混叠、拒绝目标幻影,避免异步串扰方面,达到了较好的效果,并在FPGA上实现了该算法.     

基于均值-方差联合检验的航迹欺骗干扰识别

以集中式融合结构雷达网为研究背景,从电子战飞机(ECAV)产生虚假航迹的原理出发,针对真/假航迹空间分布差异,提出了基于均值-方差联合检验的航迹欺骗干扰识别技术。首先分析了真/假航迹的统计特性差异,然后利用多个时刻航迹的坐标差,并通过坐标差的协方差阵对角化和归一化处理来构造检验样本,最后利用似然比统计检验的方法实现了虚假航迹的识别。仿真结果表明该技术能够对航迹欺骗干扰进行有效的识别,在雷达测距精度、测角精度变化的条件下仍能保持较高的识别率。