热处理和冷变形对Ti—Ni合金非线性超弹性的影响

本文利用拉伸试验系统地研究了冷变形量、热处理工艺对Ｔｉ－４９．８％（原子分数）Ｎｉ合金非线性超弹性的影响。研究表明，不同冷变形量丝材经７２３Ｋ，０．５ｈ退火处理后，冷变形量较大的丝材（大于２０％）经一定次数的应力－应变循环处理后，可获得完全的非线性超弹性，而冷变形量较小的丝材，即使经过多次应力－应变循环处理也难以获得完全的非线性超弹性。经同一温度退火处理的不同冷变形量丝材，冷变形量越大，获得完全非     

四参数疲劳定寿方法

对直升机传动系统采用的一种疲劳定寿方法——四参数法进行了研究:首先介绍了四参数应力-循环(S-N)曲线,然后详细介绍了通过材料平均 S-N 曲线获取构件安全 S-N 曲线的步骤以及直升机传动系统四参数疲劳定寿的程序和方法,研究了定寿流程中的各个技术细节.同时介绍了传动系统机匣疲劳试验中的多路协调加载技术以及某传动系统尾减机匣(TGB)的全尺寸疲劳试验情况.最后采用四参数疲劳定寿方法,根据某传动系统尾减机匣全尺寸疲劳试验结果和飞行实测载荷谱,对尾减机匣进行了安全寿命评估.该实例分析表明:四参数疲劳定寿方法为一种有效、可靠的寿命评估方法,具有推广价值.      

FGH97缺口试样基于黏塑性本构的弹塑性响应分析

针对缺口试样在高温条件下局部区域应力应变难于测量的问题,基于光滑试样材料力学性能试验,优化得到550℃粉末高温合金FGH97的Chaboche黏塑性统一本构方程参数,并将其应用到FGH97缺口试样单调拉伸及循环加载弹塑性有限元分析中.研究结果表明:①缺口局部区域进入塑性后其应力分布与弹性条件明显不同,随应力增大,最大应力位置向内移动;②在循环载荷条件下,随着循环数的增加,缺口平分线上应力/应变范围变化不大,缺口根部塑性区域出现明显平均应力松弛,并逐渐趋于稳定,导致缺口根部循环载荷比不同于外部施加载荷;③缺口根部塑性区域逐渐增大,但增大的幅度逐渐降低.该研究可为进一步分析缺口构件疲劳寿命影响因素提供支持.      

涡扇发动机内外函回热分析

对吴仲华教授提出的航空涡扇发动机改为陆用输出轴功的一种最安全可靠办法-将外函空气由内函动力透平排气回热后也输出轴功,进行了基本的热力循环分析。按初步分析可知,此法宜用于函道比接近于1的总压比不太高的机组。按目前技术水平,采用此措施可以达到比“切顶”相对提高效率与功率10%左右。在我国有一定的应用前景。      

止裂孔尺寸对止裂效果影响的研究

当航空器结构在航线使用过程中出现疲劳裂纹损伤时,通常在裂纹尖端打止裂孔进行临时性修理。通过理论分析和计算及试验分析,研究了止裂孔尺寸对止裂效果的影响。结果表明,当航空器结构出现疲劳裂纹损伤时,采用5.57～7.14mm直径的止裂孔进行止裂修理,止裂效果较好;当止裂孔直径为6.35mm时,止裂效果最好。     

Coupling damage and reliability model of low-cycle fatigue and high energy impact based on the local stress–strain approach

Fatigue induced products generally bear fatigue loads accompanied by impact processes,which reduces their reliable life rapidly. This paper introduces a reliability assessment model based on a local stress–strain approach considering both low-cycle fatigue and high energy impact loads.Two coupling relationships between fatigue and impact are given with effects of an impact process on fatigue damage and effects of fatigue damage on impact performance. The analysis of the former modifies the fatigue parameters and the Manson–Coffin equation for fatigue life based on material theories. On the other hand, the latter proposes the coupling variables and the difference of fracture toughness caused by accumulative fatigue damage. To form an overall reliability model including both fatigue failure and impact failure, a competing risk model is developed. A case study of an actuator cylinder is given to validate this method.     

飞机除冰液对高性能混凝土抗冻性的影响

采用快冻法测定了高性能混凝土(HPC)在水、浓度为3.5%的NaCl除冰盐和3.5%-25%的乙二醇和商品飞机除冰液中的抗冻性.结果表明,乙二醇对HPC的冻融破坏与飞机除冰液的浓度有非常密切的关系,3.5%乙二醇溶液和3.5%NaCl溶液均对HPC表现出较严重的表面剥蚀,而12.5%-25%乙二醇溶液则能够延缓HPC的冻融破坏.与乙二醇化学试剂相比,浓度为25%的以丙二醇为主要成分的商品飞机除冰液对HPC相对动弹性模量的劣化程度甚至超过3.5%NaCl除冰盐.在冻融条件下,飞机除冰液主要导致HPC的表面剥蚀破坏.     

圆环压缩的刚塑性有限元分析与应用

本文采用刚塑性有限元法分析圆环压缩,并与上限法分析和试验结果进行比较。结果表明,采用这种方法可以计算标定曲线,计算各种润滑剂的摩擦因素和压缩状态下材料的应力应变曲线,模拟圆环的变形和摩擦面的正压力分布。 本文还通过试验,求得四种高温润滑的摩擦因素和Ti-6Al-4V在不同条件下的应力应变曲线。     

“Modular Biospheres” – New testbed platforms for public environmental education and research

This paper will review the potential of a relatively new type of testbed platform for environmental education and research because of the unique advantages resulting from their material closure and separation from the outside environment. These facilities which we term “modular biospheres”, have emerged from research centered on space life support research but offer a wider range of application. Examples of this type of facility include the Bios-3 facility in Russia, the Japanese CEEF (Closed Ecological Experiment Facility), the NASA Kennedy Space Center Breadboard facility, the Biosphere 2 Test Module and the Laboratory Biosphere. Modular biosphere facilities offer unique research and public real-time science education opportunities. Ecosystem behavior can be studied since initial state conditions can be precisely specified and tracked over different ranges of time. With material closure (apart from very small air exchange rate which can be determined), biogeochemical cycles between soil and soil microorganisms, water, plants, and atmosphere can be studied in detail. Such studies offer a major advance from studies conducted with phytotrons which because of their small size, limit the number of organisms to a very small number, and which crucially do not have a high degree of atmospheric, water and overall material closure. Modular biospheres take advantage of the unique properties of closure, as representing a distinct system “metabolism” and therefore are essentially a “mini-world”. Though relatively large in comparison with most phytotrons and ecological microcosms, which are now standard research and educational tools, modular biospheres are small enough that they can be economically reconfigured to reflect a changing research agenda. Some design elements include lighting via electric lights and/or sunlight, hydroponic or soil substrate for plants, opaque or glazed structures, and variable volume chambers or other methods to handle atmospheric pressure differences between the facility and the outside environment.     

Integration of lessons from recent research for “Earth to Mars” life support systems

Development of reliable and robust strategies for long-term life support for planetary exploration must be built from real-time experimentation to verify and improve system components. Also critical is incorporating a range of viable options to handle potential short-term life system imbalances. This paper revisits some of the conceptual framework for a Mars base prototype which has been developed by the authors along with others previously advanced (“Mars on Earth^®”) in the light of three years of experimentation in the Laboratory Biosphere, further investigation of system alternatives and the advent of other innovative engineering and agri-ecosystem approaches. Several experiments with candidate space agriculture crops have demonstrated the higher productivity possible with elevated light levels and improved environmental controls. For example, crops of sweet potatoes exceeded original Mars base prototype projections by an average of 46% (53% for best crop) ultradwarf (Apogee) wheat by 9% (23% for best crop), pinto bean by 13% (31% for best crop). These production levels, although they may be increased with further optimization of lighting regimes, environmental parameters, crop density etc. offer evidence that a soil-based system can be as productive as the hydroponic systems which have dominated space life support scenarios and research. But soil also offers distinct advantages: the capability to be created on the Moon or Mars using in situ space resources, reduces long-term reliance on consumables and imported resources, and more readily recycling and incorporating crew and crop waste products. In addition, a living soil contains a complex microbial ecosystem which helps prevent the buildup of trace gases or compounds, and thus assist with air and water purification. The atmospheric dynamics of these crops were studied in the Laboratory Biosphere adding to the database necessary for managing the mixed stands of crops essential for supplying a nutritionally adequate diet in space. This paper explores some of the challenges of small bioregenerative life support: air-sealing and facility architecture/design, balance of short-term variations of carbon dioxide and oxygen through staggered plantings, options for additional atmospheric buffers and sinks, lighting/energy efficiency engineering, crop and waste product recycling approaches, and human factor considerations in the design and operation of a Mars base. An “Earth to Mars” project, forging the ability to live sustainably in space (as on Earth) requires continued research and testing of these components and integrated subsystems; and developing a step-by-step learning process.