Topology optimization in lightweight design of a 3D-printed flapping-wing micro aerial vehicle

Topology optimization is an effective method to obtain a lightweight structure that meets the requirements of structural strength. Whether the optimization results meet the actual needs mainly depends on the accuracy of the material properties and the boundary conditions, especially for a tiny Flapping-wing Micro Aerial Vehicle (FMAV) transmission system manufactured by 3D printing. In this paper, experimental and numerical computation efforts were undertaken to gain a reliable topology optimization method for the bottom of the transmission system. First, the constitutive behavior of the ultraviolet (UV) curable resin used in fabrication was evaluated. Second, a numerical computation model describing further verified via experiments. Topology optimization modeling considering nonlinear factors, e.g. contact, friction and collision, was presented, and the optimization results were verified by both dynamic simulation and experiments. Finally, detailed discussions on different load cases and constraints were presented to clarify their effect on the optimization. Our methods and results presented in this paper may shed light on the lightweight design of a FMAV.     

An innovative approach for integrated airline network and aircraft family optimization

The determination of optimal aerial transport networks and their associated flight frequencies is crucial for the strategic planning of airlines, as well as for carrying out market research, to establish target markets, and for aircraft and crew rostering. In addition, optimum airplane types for the selected networks are crucial to improve revenue and to provide reduced operating costs. The present study proposes an innovative approach to determine the optimal aerial transport network simultaneously with the determination of the optimum fleet for that network, composed of three types of airplanes (network and vehicle integrated design). The network profit is maximized. The passenger’s demands between the airports are determined via a gravitational model. An embedded linear programming solution is responsible for obtaining potential optimal network configurations. The optimum fleet combination is determined from a database of candidate aircraft designs via genetic algorithm. A truly realistic airplane representation is made possible thanks to accurate surrogate models for engine and aerodynamics is adopted. An accurate engine deck encompassing a compression map and an innovative engine weight calculation besides an aerodynamical artificial neural network module enable a high degree of accuracy for the mission analysis. The proposed methodology is applied to obtain the optimum network comprised of twenty main Brazilian airports and corresponding fleet.     

关于疲劳裂纹扩展数学模型的参数寻优

本文通过引入工程设计中的优化方法，分别对室内空气环境下铝合金（ＬＹ１２－ＣＺ）材料疲劳裂纹扩展的数学模型，以及环境条件下（３．５％ＮａＣｌ水溶液浸泡）该材料腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展的数学模型进行了探讨。在已知标准试样在不同的环境下疲劳裂纹扩展实验ｄａｄＮｉ，ΔＫｉ的条件下，采用优化方法进行参数寻优，可方便地得到与其对应的疲劳裂纹扩展的ｄａｄＮ～ΔＫ最优数学模型     

满足约束的Gn连续过渡曲面的构造

在Erich Hartmann提出的由两基曲面线性组合构造G^n连续过渡曲面方法的基础上，针对该方法存在很难找到合适的参数变换的问题，提出了一种基于基曲面局部区域重新参数化构造G^n连续过渡曲面的方法。通过对基曲面上切触线附近区域部分曲面重新参数化，再由重新参数化局部基曲面线性组合构造G^n连续过渡曲面。这样将两基曲面间构造过渡曲面的问题转化为在重新参数化局部基曲面间构造过渡曲面。以构造G^1连续的翼身融合面为例，讨论了满足约束要求条件时G^2连续过渡面的构造方法。即先对基曲面上过渡切触线附近的局部区域进行重新参数化，后通过优化求解来确定比例因子和偏移量、平衡因子和调配因子，使过渡曲面满足前后边条线约束，最后利用线性组合来构造G^2连续的过渡面。约束过渡曲面的形状可通过改变重新参数化基曲面的大小来调整．     

低空突防任务下综合飞行/推进系统的建模与仿真

建立了综合飞行／推进系统的数学模型，介绍了飞机全维非线性数学模型和涡轮风扇发动机非线性部件级数学模型的建模及综合方法。对飞机执行地形中随任务时，飞行员调节飞行速度的方法与基于总能量的调节飞行速度的方法进行了比较。结果表明，基于总能量的方法比飞行员直接控制飞行速度能够减小发动机的燃油消耗，降低发动机的磨损，进而可以增加飞机的航程，延长发动机的使用寿命。     

关于加大产业结构调整力度的思考

本文从我国产业结构调整的现状及存在的问题出发，针对一般加工产业生产能力过大，高水平的加工能力不足这一突出问题进行了原因分析，在此基础上，就我国加速优化产业结构的客观基础和可能，提出了关于加大产业结构调整力度的七点思考建议。     

反射面的轴向电磁散射及外形优化

本文联合运用几何光学和等效电磁流法,导出了金属反射面轴向散射场和雷达截面(RCS)的简洁表达式,研究了从旋转二次曲面(凹面或凸面)中寻找具有最低RCS值的曲面形状优化方法,给出了一个典型实例的单站RCS立体分布图,以及最低RCS值所对应的波谷曲线和最佳表面参数。     

求解装箱问题的遗传算法

本文提出了两种求解装箱问题（ＢｉｎＰａｃｋｉｎｇ）的遗传算法。一种是简单遗传算法,它采用等长度字符代码编码方法,使用常规的遗传操作算子。另一种是混合遗传算法,它综合运用解装箱问题的ＦＦＤ（ＦｉｒｓｔＦｉｔＤｅ－ｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇ）近似算法和简单遗传算法。试算结果表明,由这两种遗传算法所得到的装箱方案较一些近似算法所得到的装箱方案都要好。     

一个飞机结构优化设计软件

本文根据有限元分析基础,研究薄壁结构在应力、位移、最小尺寸约束下结构最轻重量的优化设计问题。用Kuhn-Tucker(库恩-塔克)必要条件将多个位移约束简化为单一位移约束(称为最临界位移约束),建立位移约束下的优化设计准则.从而避免大批拉格朗日乘子的计算,并结合满应力优化设计准则,形成了在有效约束界面逐步逼近最优设计点的方法——包络法。用某型飞机后机身一段优化设计作为本文的实际应用,得到令人满意的结果。     

数字地形数据的二维三次卷积插值

由于数字地形数据库是以网格的形式给出网格点上的地形高度信息，在低空突防轨迹优化过程中，往往需要非网格蹼地形的高度信息和地形曲面的导数，这些都是离散的地形数据库所无法提供的。对二维的地形数据进行插值是解决问题的有效手段。本文提出一种二维离散数据的插值方法－－二维三次卷积插值。该插值函数是地形曲面的三次逼近，具有连续的三阶导数，可以非常好地满足低空突防轨迹优化的需要。仿真结果表明，它具有比双线性插值和