晚清衡州教案特点述评

鸦片战争后,西方传教士搭乘殖民主义列车闯入中国,从事精神上的殖民活动。由于这些活动与中国传统的道德文化相抵触,加之传教士的种种不法行为,从而引发了一系列的教案。其中在衡州发生的教案最具特色,它与全国的反侵略斗争紧密相联,具有较为浓厚的政治、经济斗争色彩,并且得到了地方官绅的支持与响应。这些特点使其地位突出,激发基层民众的爱国热情,推动全国反帝爱国运动的进一步发展。     

Martian Buildings: Design loading

Multiplanetary life has been studied by scientists as a way to supply energy or sustain human life in the future. Mars is likely to be man’s first destination, colonization using onsite structural construction would be one of the main options. The first step to designing a reliable building is to know the applied structural loads and to have an accurate design load combination. Due to lack of complete knowledge, short span of recorded data, Martian environment, and hazardous environment that Martian structures face, constructed Martian structures should behave appropriately under the highest likely live, dead and environmental loads either simultaneously or as a worst-case scenario. The present study evaluated and calculated probable Martian structural loads, including live, internal pressure, snow, gravity (dead), dust accumulation, thermal stress, wind, marsquake, asteroid, and meteoroid impact loads and their effects. Information was gathered from previous studies and valid data from Martian landers, rovers and orbiters. Wind loads were calculated based on the over 6.5 years of data recorded by Vikings 1 and 2, temperature and winds for InSight (TWINS) sensor. A wind shear exponent and wind profile have been proposed for a Martian flat terrain construction site. Marsquake lateral loads, frequency content and seismicity were assessed using data from the seismic experiment for interior structure (SEIS) and the Viking 2 seismometer. Considering the high influx of micrometeoroids, their penetration distance, impact loads and their effects on structures were calculated. The annual probability of an asteroid impact on a settlement was assessed for a 30-year mission. A load map for Martian residential buildings that considers the worst-case scenario in which a Martian structure should be designed based on them has been proposed.