运输类飞机结构设计安全系数的探讨

中国民用航空规章运输类飞机适航标准25.303要求采用1.5的安全系数,该要求同其他相关适航条款,例如25.307"结构符合性的证明"、25.603"材料"、25.605"制造方法"、25.613"材料的强度性能和材料的设计值"等,共同保证了飞机结构的高可靠性。理论上,当材料、载荷、分析等方面的不确定性降低,采用低于1.5的安全系数可以保证结构具有同等的高可靠性;另一方面,当材料、载荷、分析等方面的不确定性大于目前适航规章所允许的水平,通过采用大于1.5的安全系数也可以保证结构具有等同的高可靠性。为了在民用运输类飞机的适航取证/审定过程中,在保证结构可靠性的前提下,能够根据具体情况适当调整结构安全系数,在综合研究中国民用航空规章第25部《运输类飞机适航标准》相关条款内在联系的基础上,探讨了载荷、材料性能、分析方法等不确定性对飞机结构安全系数的贡献。研究结果表明,目前1.5的飞机结构安全系数,用于考虑载荷、材料性能、分析方法等不确定性的系数分量分别为1.2、1.12、1.116.     

热空腔-喷气流的组合辐射

讨论了热空腔(喷气发动机的加力筒)和喷气流的组合辐射问题, 推演了组合辐射的辐射传输微分方程, 导出了有边界辐射条件下的解。讨论了由多个温度不同的壁面组成且腔内充满高温燃气的热空腔辐射传输方程解的具体形式, 导出了它向后半球的光谱辐射强度的表达式;同时还推导了热空腔-喷气流组合辐射的光谱辐射强度的表达式。最后给出算例, 算例结果表明, 热空腔-喷气流组合辐射的空间分布具有与实测分布较一致的梨形包络, 其光谱分布也与实测的光谱分布的一致性较好。      

航天器运输用包装箱被动保温性能分析

对某航天器及其包装箱整体建模,采用FLUENT软件对模型进行流动与传热耦合计算。采用瞬态求解分别计算了三种工况下包装箱的被动保温性能。通过求解发现,对于两种极端工况,包装箱被动保温4小时后能够保证箱内温度维持在0℃～40℃的要求范围内,说明包装箱的保温性能满足要求,能够在运输过程中对航天器进行有效地保护;对于第三种工况的求解,发现该包装箱在极冷和极热环境下,被动保温所能维持的时间均不会超过12个小时。     

The role of radial perpendicular diffusion and latitude dependent acceleration along the solar wind termination shock

A numerical model, based on Parker’s transport equation, describing the modulation of anomalous cosmic rays and containing diffusive shock acceleration is applied. The role of radial perpendicular diffusion at the solar wind termination shock, and as the dominant diffusion coefficient in the outer heliosphere, is studied, in particular the role it plays in the effectiveness of the acceleration of anomalous protons and helium when its latitude dependence is changed. It is found that the latitudinal enhancement of radial perpendicular diffusion towards the heliospheric poles and along the termination shock has a prominent effect on the acceleration of these particles. It results in a ‘break’ in the energy spectrum for anomalous protons at ∼6.0 MeV, causing the spectral index to change from E^−1.38 to E^−2.23, but for anomalous helium at ∼3.0 MeV, changing the spectral index from E^−1.38 to E^−2.30. When approaching the simulated TS, the changes in the modulated spectra as they unfold to a ‘steady’ power law shape at energies below 50 MeV are much less prominent as a function of radial distances when radial perpendicular diffusion is increased with heliolatitude.     

Plasma transport process in the equatorial/low-latitude ionosphere

The behaviour of the equatorial/low-latitude ionosphere and the transport processes during magnetic disturbed and quiet periods of a high solar activity year, 2014, in the American sector are investigated. Parameters used include vertical drift (Vz), transport term (W), NmF2, hmF2 and scale-height (H). The F2 plasma variations followed the diurnal local solar pattern, being higher at daytime. The sunset maximum and sunrise minimum peaks of hmF2 were directly opposite to the scale height (H) pattern. The plasma distribution was basically controlled by combined actions of the electrodynamic convection/thermospheric composition, which is geomagnetic activity dependent. The annual, semi-annual and winter-anomalies of the F2 parameters were higher at the dip equator in comparison with the low-latitude. The Vz pre-reversal peak magnitude coincided with hmF2 peak and the effects are more pronounced during geomagnetic disturbed conditions. The transport term pattern was similar to that of the scale height and it is suggested as a proxy parameter for quantifying low-latitude plasma irregularities and distribution of thermospheric composition.     

中纬电离层暴时形态的理论模式研究

结合观测结果对中纬电离层暴时形态进行理论模式研究.分析了两次电离层暴变事件中影响其基本形态的原子－分子含量比、上部输运通量和中性风等因素的行为,发现在这两次具有不同特点的事件中,中性风较为平稳,而原子－分子含量比和耦合输运通量的相对作用则各不相同.      

Nuclear fragmentation database for GCR transport code development

A critical need for NASA is the ability to accurately model the transport of heavy ions in the Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) through matter, including spacecraft walls, equipment racks, etc. Nuclear interactions are of great importance in the GCR transport problem, as they can cause fragmentation of the incoming ion into lighter ions. Since the radiation dose delivered by a particle is proportional to the square of (charge/velocity), fragmentation reduces the dose delivered by incident ions. The other mechanism by which dose can be reduced is ionization energy loss, which can lead to some particles stopping in the shielding. This is the conventional notion of shielding, but it is not applicable to human spaceflight since the particles in the GCR tend to be too energetic to be stopped in the relatively thin shielding that is possible within payload mass constraints. Our group has measured a large number of fragmentation cross sections, intended to be used as input to, or for validation of, NASA’s radiation transport models. A database containing over 200 charge-changing cross sections and over 2000 fragment production cross sections has been compiled. In this report, we examine in detail the contrast between fragment measurements at large acceptance and small acceptance. We use output from the PHITS Monte Carlo code to test our assumptions using as an example ⁴⁰Ar data (and simulated data) at a beam energy of 650 MeV/nucleon. We also present preliminary analysis in which isotopic resolution was attained for beryllium fragments produced by beams of ¹⁰B and ¹¹B. Future work on the experimental data set will focus on extracting and interpreting production cross sections for light fragments.     

Radial and latitudinal gradients of galactic cosmic rays in the heliosphere at solar maximum

Our understanding of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) modulation has advanced greatly in the last three decades. However, we still need an appropriate knowledge of the GCR intensity gradient. Numerical simulations of the transport particle equation allow interpretation of cosmic ray intensities in the heliosphere. We use the numerical solution of the GCR transport equation during solar maximum epoch to compute the radial and latitudinal gradients. Our analysis indicates that adiabatic energy loss plays an important role in the radial distribution of GCR in the inner heliosphere, while in the outer region the diffusion and convection are the relevant processes. The latitudinal gradient is small.     

Y8F—200型飞机负过载试飞技术探讨

负过载试飞是民用飞机，特别是大，中型民用运输机适航试飞的重要验证项目之一。通过对Ｙ８Ｆ－２００型飞机负过载试飞，详细地叙述了中型运输机负过载试飞测试设备的改装技术和飞行驾驶技术，以及在负过载试飞中需要考虑的一些问题。     

损耗大气中随机重力波场的传输方程

从包含分子粘性的非线性相互作用方程出发, 采用随机相位近似, 推导了损耗大气中重力波场的非线性传输方程。由于分子损耗的引入, 谱演变的速率发生了改变, 在某些情况下, 还会得到与无耗条件下的传输规律相反的结论。损耗大气中重力波场的传输方程是研究中高层大气重力波能量收支平衡的出发点。